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題名：團體層次與個人層次變項對於團體治療性因素的影響：多層次縱貫研究分析
作者：陳均姝
作者(外文)：Chun-Shu Chen
校院名稱：國立臺灣師範大學
系所名稱：教育心理與輔導學系
指導教授：王麗斐
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2008
主題關鍵詞：團體治療性因素；團體氣氛；團體類型；領導者特質；人際依附；階層線性模型；therapeutic factors；group climate；type of group；characteristic of leader；interpersonal attachment；hierarchical linear models
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摘 要
本研究有二，研究一旨在探究初期、中期與後期團體時期，成員在團體中之團體治療性因素的助益知覺以及團體層次與個人層次變項對於其團體治療性因素的影響效果；研究二則探討成員在團體進行期間之各次團體治療性因素助益知覺的發展變化情形及其影響效果。
本研究以某大學參與短期結構性團體的242位成員為研究對象，並以分層隨機分派方式將領導者與成員分派至12個教育心理團體與13個成長團體。兩類團體之領導者皆由某大學輔導與諮商研究所之碩二以上研究生擔任，並接受過八小時之該類型團體領導者訓練課程。本研究之團體性質為每週一次、每次九十分鐘，共計九次之短期結構性團體。
本研究工具，包括：成員參與團體前所填寫的「人際依附量表」、各次團體結束後所立即填寫之「團體治療性因素量表簡式」與第一次、第二次、第五次及第九次團體後所立即填寫之「團體氣氛量表簡式（投入分量表）」、「領導者行為量表（四個特質分量表）」。本研究以描述統計及階層線性模式之統計分析方法進行資料分析。主要研究結果如下：
一、成員在初期、中期與後期之各類因素助益知覺的平均得分，皆以「對團體的正向感受」因素的得分最高，其次為「行動力的引發」與「認知性的獲得」因素，「家庭關係的體驗與瞭解」因素則居末。其中，「共通性」因素越至後期其平均得分的排序越後、「利他性」因素則越至後期，其平均得分的排序越前。
二、本研究之完整模型之團體層次「團體類型」、「投入氣氛」與「領導者特質」及個人層次之「焦慮依附」、「逃避依附」、「排除依附」與「安全依附」等變項對於成員在三期團體之多數治療性因素與總分助益知覺的整體影響效果皆達顯著；但對於初期團體之「共通性」與「家庭關係的體驗與瞭解」因素及中期團體之「共通性」與「建議的提供」因素則無顯著影響效果。
三、團體層次之「投入氣氛」對於成員之三期團體治療性因素助益知覺的影響向度最多，且其影響效果也最為顯著；其次則為「團體類型」變項對於成員在不同團體時期之特定治療性因素助益知覺有顯著影響效果；個人層次之「安全依附」特質傾向為預測力最為顯著之個人層次解釋變項。「投入氣氛」對於「逃避依附」與特定因素間的調節效果在中、後期團體最為明顯，其次則為與「安全依附」的調節效果。
四、成員在各次短期結構性團體中的團體治療性因素總分與各類因素助益知覺的成長模型分析結果，支持先上升、後下降或趨緩、又再度上升之三次方曲線成長形式，且其多數因素之成長率產生較快速變化的反曲點為第5次至第6次團體之間。
五、本研究之團體層次與個人層次變項對於成員在各次團體治療性因素獲益知覺的初始狀態多具有顯著影響效果，且「團體類型」對於成員之多數治療性因素的成長率具有顯著影響效果。
根據研究結果與限制，本研究對未來研究及團體諮商理論與實務及領導者教育訓練提出若干建議。
Effectiveness of the Group-Level and Individual-Level Variables on Group Therapeutic Factors:
A Longitudinal Study of Multilevel Analysis
Chun-shu Chen
Abstract
This study contains two parts: Part I of the study is to investigate members’ beneficial perception of the group therapeutic factors and examine the effects of variables of group-level and individual-level on group therapeutic factors at early, middle and latter group phase; Part II of the study is to examine growth pattern of beneficial perception of group therapeutic factors during group sessions and the effects of variables.
The research subjects of this study were 242 members who participated in short-term structured group in a university. The leaders and members were assigned to 12 psycho-educational groups or 13 growth groups by using stratified randomization. Leaders in two types of group were the 2nd year graduate students majoring in guidance and counseling, and had taken eight hours of leader training course in the type of group they belong to. These short-term structured groups met once per week for a 90-minute session and nine times.
The research tools included: “Interpersonal Attachment Inventory” filled by the members before they joining the group; “Group Therapeutic Factor Inventory—Short Form” filled immediately after the end of each session, “Group Climate Questionnaire – Short Form, GCQ-S (engagement scale)” and “Trainer Behavior Scale, TBS (four characteristic scale)” filled immediately after the 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 9th group session. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical linear models were used for data analysis. The main results were:
1. In terms of the average score of the beneficial perception for each factor category in the early, middle, and late phases, the factor of “positive feeling toward the groups” has the highest score; factors of “solicitation of action abilities” and “cognitive gains” ranks next; factor of “experience and understanding of family relationship” has the lowest score. The average score of factor of “universality” gets lower in the late phase while factor of “altruism” gets higher in the late phase.
2. In the full model, variables in group-level “group type”, “engaged climate”, “characteristic of leader” and variables in individual-level “preoccupied attachment”, “avoidant attachment”, “dismissive attachment” and “secure attachment” have a significant effect on most group therapeutic factors and beneficial perception for members in three group phases. There is no significant effect on factors “universality” and “experience and understanding of family relationship” in the early phase and factors of “universality” and “providing suggestion” in the middle phase.
3. “Engaged climate” in group-level has the most significant effect on members’ beneficial perception of group therapeutic factors in three phases. Secondly, variable “group type” has a significant effect on specific beneficial perception of group therapeutic factors for different group phases. “Secure attachment” is the most significant individual-level variable for prediction. The moderator effect of “engaged climate” between “avoidant attachment” and specific factors is the most significant in middle and late group phase while the moderator effect of “secure attachment” ranks the second.
4. According to the results of the growth model, the score of group therapeutic factors in each group session supports the cubic curve growth pattern of increasing, followed by decreasing or slowing down, then increasing again. The inflection point with more rapid changes caused by growth rate of factors which occurring between the 5th and 6th group sessions.
5. The variables in group-level and individual-level have a significant effect on the initial status of members’ beneficial perception of each group therapeutic factors; “group type” has an effect on the growth rate of most group therapeutic factors.
Based on research results and limitations, several suggestions were proposed for future research and concern regarding the group counseling theory and practice, and educational training for leaders
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