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題名:漢語中的介音、擦音和變調:從優選理論分析
作者:吳瑾瑋 引用關係
作者(外文):Wu, Chinwei
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:語言學研究所
指導教授:蕭宇超
曹逢甫
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2002
主題關鍵詞:介音擦音變 調優選理論制約排序層級音韻習得二疊詞Prenuclear GlideFricativeTone SandhiOptimality TheoryConstraint RankingPhonological AcquisitionDisyllabic Reduplicant
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本篇研究是以現代音韻學中的優選理論(Optimality Theory)來分析漢語音韻中三個議題:分別是聲調變化(Tone Change)、介音(Prenuclear Glide)、和擦音(Fricative)。
聲調變化討論三種語料:親屬名詞類如姊姊,和一般類好好等和ㄦ化疊詞。這三類二疊詞的內部構詞結構和聲調變化歷程是很不同的。以衍生音韻學、自主音段音韻學、詞彙音韻論等分析都有困難。優選理論的精神在於以致約排序層級為可能的輸出值作評估篩選。ㄦ化二疊詞和親屬名詞二疊詞,前音節聲調必須和深層結構相同,因此詞基輸入值(IB)的聲調對應關係重要,其制約層級比較高。在一般性二疊詞中,IB對應制約影響性小於*T,因為這類二疊詞詞基以變調形式出現,該制約層級則降低。這是優選理論以制約層級不同給予三種聲調變化的解釋。
有關介音的分析,先從優選理論架構檢視孩童語言習得的漢語介音語料,再與成人語料進行比較。在孩童的音韻機制中,結構性制約排序層級高於忠實性制約,由此制約排序層級選出最佳優選值。結構性制約ONSET和*COMPLEX制約促使介音必須出現在聲母的位置。在孩童階段對三者介音的處理策略不同,在音節內部結構的歸屬上,對介音的處理是以CV形式為主,無其他聲母或刪除聲母,介音出現在聲母位置。然而至成人階段,排序層級改變,結構性制約排序下降,修正後的制約排序層級說明漢語三者介音歸屬聲母或韻母皆可。至於介音或聲母的保留刪除則由CONTIGUITY,PARSE/u/,IDENT(HEAD)三者制約排序層級來決定。
有關擦音分析,關鍵性制約如忠實性制約在初期排序層級在結構性制約之下,而後修正。大致說來,結構性制約經歷下降至忠實對應制約之下,而使制約排序層級修正至和成人相同,語言習得過程便算完成。而制約排序層級調整的方向是多方向性的。
The thesis investigates three problems in Mandarin phonology, including the prenuclear glides, the fricatives and the tone changes. Optimality Theory is used here, which assumes that the Universal Grammar (UG) consists of a set of constraints. The surface output form is selected by the ranking of constraints. Language differences are attributed to the different rankings of constraints. The constraint rankings take place of the derivational stages.
The first problem is the tone changes of three kinds of disyllabic reduplicants, such as xAw2 xAwN, þje3 þjeN, xAw3 xAwrH. The tone of the first syllable of the first reduplicant has to change whereas the two latters haveto maintain the lexical tone. The tone of the second syllable of the first reduplicant changes optinally, whereas the latters must change. OT proposes the correspondence relations among Input-Base, Input-RED, Base-RED, to explore the tone changes. However, there are problems in case of analying in Lexical Phonology or Autosegmental Phonology.
The second problem is the status of the prenuclear glides /j,w,ç/. The behaviour of the prenuvclear glides is different. The highly ranked constraints *COMPLEX, *ONSET, require the glides to occur in the onset position, where no other consonants available there. The constraints would be reranked as the child grows up. The markedness constraints demote under the faithfulness constraints finally. From the constraint rankings the prenuclear glides in adult forms are dominated either by the onset or the rhyme.
The third problem is the acquisition of Mandarin fricatives. Affricates, stopsand aspirated affricates are the replaced sound for the fricatives during the developing stages. The rankings of the relevant constraints such as MAX(cont), DEP(-cont),*+cont are reajsuted. It is found that the demotion and promotion of the constraints are probable. It is better to use the MAX constraint than the IDENT ones.
Not only the three problems mentioned above could be analyzed in OT, but also OT provides the explanations by constraint rankings instead of rule derivations for such as loanword phonology.
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