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題名:基因歧視與法律對策之研究
作者:何建志
作者(外文):Ho, Jen-Ji
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:法律學研究所
指導教授:馬漢寶
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2002
主題關鍵詞:基因歧視基因資訊ELSI隱私權平等權理性選擇分配正義多元正義genetic discriminationgenetic informationELSIprivacyequalityrational choicedistributive justicepluralism of justice
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基因歧視是一個基因科技發達後產生的新興社會現象。當人類已經能夠使用基因檢驗方法探知個人基因組成時,我們開始面臨選擇知或不知的難題。例如,在保臉脈絡下,利用個人基因資訊可能違反被保險人保持基因隱私的意願,也可能導致某些帶因者難以購買保險,但是如果保險人無法知悉被保險人基因資訊,則可能導致逆選擇而影響保險業的經營。在職場脈絡下,利用個人基因資訊可能違反應徵者或受僱人保持基因隱私的意願,也可能導致某些帶因者的就業機會受到影響,但是如果雇主完全不得使用基因資訊,則我們將喪失利用基因資訊預防職業疾病與改進生產效率的機會。以上的難題反映出科技變遷對於公共政策所帶來的典型兩難處境。
既有法學文獻已經針對基因歧視有所討論。關於使用基因資訊或根據基因從事差別待遇的合法性問題,許多論者訴諸隱私與平等的抽象理念進行思考。本論文則針對這種思考方式進行後設研究,並進一步探討使用其他方式思考基因歧視問題的可能性。為了達成這項研究目的,本論文採取科技整合研究方式,使用制度分析、理性選擇理論與分配正義等觀點,針對既有法學文獻中的一些相關論點加以檢討。
本論文的初步研究心得如下:
在基因歧視問題方面:
原則上法律不宜干涉保險人與雇主使用基因資訊或根據基因從事差別待遇的決策。是否進行法律干預,應取決於法律禁令與其他政策工具之間的相對優劣,並應進行干預及不干預的評估比較。除了法律禁令之外,我們可以透過建立制度性保障機制與關於基因科技的利益分享機制調和基因科技所衍生的社會問題。
在一般性法律理論方面:
一、科技快速變遷為法律不確定的傳統問題帶來更多挑戰。為了補充法律規範的不足,理性選擇的思考方式比道德主義的思考方式更能幫助我們在公共事務層面處理新興科技問題。
二、為了界定隱私權的適當範圍,我們應當區分「隱私本身的價值」與「因隱私產生之影響」,並針對這兩者進行價值權衡。
三、平等是一個空洞概念,我們必須在使用平等概念之前先確立實質價值判斷基準,才能有意義地使用平等概念處理資源分配的法律爭議。
四、分配正義是我們判斷法律制度優劣的價值基準。筆者認為,在高度分化的當代工業社會,為了兼顧產業體系運作與維護個人價值,多元正義理論比單一標準的正義理論具有更多優點。
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