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題名:一九五○年代美國對臺決策模式分析
書刊名:中央研究院近代史研究所集刊
作者:張淑雅 引用關係
作者(外文):Chang, Su-ya
出版日期:2003
卷期:40
頁次:頁1-54
主題關鍵詞:中美關係美國對臺政策臺海危機韓戰反攻大陸決策模式杜魯門艾森豪杜勒斯Sino-American relationsU.S. Policy toward TaiwanTaiwan Straits crisisKorean WarReturn to the MainlandPatterns of decision-makingTrumanEisenhowerDulles
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(10) 博士論文(3) 專書(3) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:10
  • 共同引用共同引用:124
  • 點閱點閱:119
     本文挑戰三個普遍被接受的觀點:一是臺灣人民習以為常的「中美傳統友誼」概念,一是國外學者慣常認定蔣介石操控美國政策,另一則是國外學者對美國決策者的描述通常是頭腦清楚、資訊掌握完整,可以在短時間內衡量得失,制定對美國最有利的政策,或採取最有利的步驟,故對華政策也有配合全球冷戰大戰略的清楚策略。 研究發現:外在因素,如國內民意輿論、公開楬櫫的道德原則、國際間的協定、其他盟邦的立場,甚至美國自己的政策聲明等,對決策者的約束力都很有限;倒是對中華民國政府的厭惡與猜疑,對維持美國威望的關切,以及不願為遠東政策付出太高代價等決策者的「主觀認知(perception)」,才是華府決策主要的制約因素。在這些前提下,本文指出1950年代美國對臺決策過程,可以清楚歸納出三個模式,首先是以保持彈性為最高指導原則,導致常議而不決,決而不行。其次,美國往往在危機爆發後,才被迫採取行動來因應,因此不免讓對手掌握機先,自己只能隨對手定的調子起舞,失去主動性。再者,美國決策常常只打算以最小的代價,維護自己最大的利益,不考慮對手與盟邦的立場,所以難免顯得一廂情願,政策可行性當然也跟著降低。
     This article challenges three popular impressions. First, the general belief, especially prevalent in Taiwan, that a “special relationship” existed between United States and China that also explains Washington’s support for “Free China” after the Chinese civil war. Second, the argument made by Western scholars that Chiang Kai-shek manipulated U.S. China policy in the 1950s so that Washington supported Taiwan and adopted a hostile policy toward China. Third, the assumption that U.S. policymaking process was entirely rational and hence that a grand Cold War strategy encompassed Far Eastern/China policy. This article argues that external factors such as public opinion, moral principles, international agreements, allies' positions, and even policy announcements all had very little effects on the essence of U.S. policy toward Taiwan in the 1950s. Instead, the perceptions of U.S. policymakers, such as their loathing and suspicion of the Nationalists and Chiang; their concern for U.S. prestige; and their unwillingness to pay a sufficient price to pursue other objectives in Asia greatly conditioned U.S. policy towards Taiwan. This study discerns three clear patterns to U.S. policymaking. First, Washington tried to retain flexibility at all costs—thus its Taiwan/China policy often appeared to be indecisive. Second, Washington was time and again forced to take actions in response to crises, thus leaving the initiative to its enemies (in Taiwan's case, Communist China). And third, policymakers were too inclined to wishful thinking and rarely took the positions of its allies or enemies into consideration, which greatly hampered the practicability of their policy design.
Other
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期刊論文
1.張淑雅(19910600)。Unleashing Chiang Kai-shek? Eisenhower and the Policy of Indecision toward Taiwan, 1953。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,20,369-401。  延伸查詢new window
2.Dulles, John Forest(1954)。The Evolution of Foreign Policy。Department of State Bulletin,107-110。  new window
3.Dulles, John Forest(1954)。Policy for Security and Peace。Foreign Affairs,32(3),353-364。  new window
4.張淑雅(20000600)。近二十年來的韓戰研究概況。近代中國,137,101-116。  延伸查詢new window
5.張淑雅(19960600)。文攻武嚇下的退縮:美國決定與中共舉行大使級談判的過程分析,1954-1955。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,25,379-424。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.張淑雅(19940600)。中美共同防禦條約的簽訂:一九五〇年代中美結盟過程之探討。歐美研究,24(2),51-99。new window  延伸查詢new window
7.張淑雅(19930600)。安理會停火案:美國應付第一次臺海危機策略之一。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,22(下),61-106。new window  延伸查詢new window
8.張淑雅(19950600)。金馬撤軍?:美國應付第一次臺海危機策略之二。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,24(上),411-472。new window  延伸查詢new window
9.張淑雅(19940600)。臺海危機前美國對外島的政策(1953-1954)。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,23(下),293+295-330。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.張淑雅(19900600)。美國對臺政策轉變的考察 (1950年12月~1951年 5月)。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,19,469-486。new window  延伸查詢new window
11.張淑雅(20011200)。臺海危機與美國對「反攻大陸」政策的轉變。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,36,231-233+235-297。new window  延伸查詢new window
12.張淑雅(19980300)。藍欽大使與一九五○年代的美國對臺政策。歐美研究,28(1),193-262。new window  延伸查詢new window
13.趙綺娜(19910900)。美國親國民政府國會議員對杜魯門政府中國政策影響之評估。歐美研究,21(3),83-129。new window  延伸查詢new window
14.Stueck, William Whitney Jr.(1986)。The Limits of Influence: British Policy and American Expansion of the War in Korea。Pacific Historical Review,55,65-94。  new window
15.吳冷西(1994)。武仗與文仗─炮轟金門內幕。傳記文學,1994(1)。  延伸查詢new window
16.萊夫勒.梅爾文(2002)。有關冷戰起源的紛爭。冷戰史研究通訊,7。  延伸查詢new window
17.資中筠、姬虹(1995)。美國學術界對中美關係的研究,1969-1992。美國研究,9。  延伸查詢new window
18.戴超武(1998)。美國歷史學家與50年代臺灣海峽危機(上)。當代中國史研究,4。  延伸查詢new window
19.戴超武(1998)。美國歷史學家與50年代臺灣海峽危機(下)。當代中國史研究,5。  延伸查詢new window
20.Buhite, Russell D.(1970)。Missed Opportunities? American Policy and the Chinese Communists, 1949-1952。Mid-America,61,179-188。  new window
21.Eliades, George C.(1993)。Once More unto the Breach: Eisenhower, Dulles, and Public Opinion during the Offshore Islands Crisis of 1958。The Journal of American-East Asian Relations,2(4)。  new window
22.(2001)。John Foster Dulles: Piety, Pragmatism, and Power in U. S. Foreign Policy。Journal of American History,87(1)。  new window
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24.Soman, Appu K.(1994)。‘Who’s Daddy’ in the Taiwan Strait? The Offshore Islands Crisis of 1958。The Journal of American-East Asian Relations,3(4)。  new window
25.Immerman(1990)。Confessions of an Eisenhower Revisionist: an Agonizing Reappraisal。Diplomatic History,14(3),323。  new window
學位論文
1.張淑雅(1988)。Pragmatosm and Opportunism: Truman's Policy toward Taiwan, 1949-1952(博士論文)。  new window
2.Hickey, Dennis Van Vranken(1988)。U. S.-Republic of China Relations: An Explanation of Ambiguity in U. S. Foreign Policy and a Retrospective Evaluation of Decision-Making Models。  new window
3.Chao, Ena(1990)。China Bloc: Congress and the Making of Foreign Policy, 1947-1952,Chapel Hill。  new window
圖書
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2.Kaufman, Burton I.(1986)。The Korean War: Challenges in Crisis, Credibility, and Command。New York, NY:MiGraw-Hill。  new window
3.Foot, Rosemary(1985)。The Wrong War:American Policy and the Dimensions of the Korean War Conflict, 1950-1953。The Wrong War:American Policy and the Dimensions of the Korean War Conflict, 1950-1953。Ithaca。  new window
4.Brands, H. W., Jr.(1988)。Cold Warriors: Eisenhower,s Generation and American Foreign Policy。New York。  new window
5.Tsou, Tang(1959)。The Embroilment over Quemoy: Mao, Chiang, and Dulles。Utah。  new window
6.Bowie, Robert R.、Immerman, Richard H.(1998)。Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Eduring Cold War Strategy。N. Y.。  new window
7.Foot, Rosemary(1995)。The Practice of Power: U. S. Relations with China since 1949。New York。  new window
8.Accinelli, Robert(1996)。Crisis and Commitment : United States Policy toward Taiwan, 1950-1955。Chapel Hill, NC。  new window
9.Gaddis, John Lewis(1987)。The Long Peace: Inquires into the History of the Cold War。New York:Oxford University Press。  new window
10.Truman, Harry(1973)。Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman。Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman。New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons。  new window
11.United States Department of State(1949)。United States Relations with China: With Special Reference to the Period 1944-1949。Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office。  new window
12.Gaddis, John Lewis(1982)。Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy。Oxford University Press。  new window
13.Hagerty, James C.、Ferrell, Robert H.(1983)。The Diary of James C. Hagerty: Eisenhower in Mid-Course, 1954-1955。Bloomington:Indiana University Press。  new window
14.陳毓鈞(1997)。戰爭與和平:解析美國對華政策。臺北:環宇。  延伸查詢new window
15.Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf(1994)。Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, 1945-1992: Uncertain Friedships。New York:Twayne。  new window
16.戴萬欽(2000)。中國由一統到分割:美國杜魯門政府之對策。臺北:時英。  延伸查詢new window
17.蘇格(1998)。美國對華政策與台灣問題。北京:世界知識出版社。  延伸查詢new window
18.陳志奇(1981)。美國對華政策三十年。臺北:中華日報社。  延伸查詢new window
19.Rankin, Karl Lott(1964)。China Assignment。University of Washington Press。  new window
20.Christensen, Thomas J.(1996)。Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958。Princeton University Press。  new window
21.EIsenhower, Dwight D.(1963)。The White House Years: Mandate for Change 1953-1956。Doubleday。  new window
22.中共中央文獻研究室(1997)。周恩來年譜(1949-1976)。中共黨史出版社。  延伸查詢new window
23.王景弘(2000)。採訪歷史:從華府檔案看台灣。臺北:遠流。  延伸查詢new window
24.唐耐心、新新聞編譯小組(1995)。不確定的友情--臺灣、香港與美國,1945-1992。新新聞。  延伸查詢new window
25.Cohen, Warren I.(1990)。America's Response to China: A History of Sino-American Relations。Columbia University Press。  new window
26.Garver, John W.(1997)。The Sino-American alliance : Nationalist China and American Cold War strategy in Asia。Sharpe。  new window
27.The Reminiscence of Wellington KOO。The Reminiscence of Wellington KOO。NY。  new window
28.李元平(1992)。臺海大戰(下篇):臺灣觀點。臺海大戰(下篇):臺灣觀點。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
29.姜長斌(1998)。1955-1971年的中美關係:緩和之前─冷戰衝突與克制的再檢討。1955-1971年的中美關係:緩和之前─冷戰衝突與克制的再檢討。北京。  延伸查詢new window
30.Ambrose, Stephen E.(1984)。Eisenhower (Vol. 2)。Eisenhower (Vol. 2)。NY。  new window
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32.Foot, Rosemary(1990)。A Substitute for Victory: The Politics of Peacemaking at the Korean Armistice Talks。A Substitute for Victory: The Politics of Peacemaking at the Korean Armistice Talks。Ithaca, NY。  new window
33.Holober, Frank(1999)。Raiders of the China Coast: CIA Covert Operations during the Korean War。Raiders of the China Coast: CIA Covert Operations during the Korean War。  new window
34.Jurike, Stephen, Jr.(1980)。From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam: The Memoirs of Admiral Arthur W. Radford。From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam: The Memoirs of Admiral Arthur W. Radford。Standord, CA。  new window
35.Soman, Appu K.(2000)。Double-Edges Sword: Nuclear Diplomacy in Unequal Conflicts-The United States and China, 1950-1958。Double-Edges Sword: Nuclear Diplomacy in Unequal Conflicts-The United States and China, 1950-1958。Westport, CT。  new window
36.Accinelli, Robert(2001)。‘A Thorn in the Side of Peace’。Re-Examining the Cold War: U. S.-China Diplomacy, 1954-1973。  new window
37.Cohen, Warren I.(1983)。The United States and China since 1945。New Frontiers in American-East Asian Relations: Essays Presented to Dorothy Borg。NY。  new window
38.Pruessen, Ronald W.(1990)。John Foster Dulles and the Predicaments of Power。John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War。Princeton。  new window
39.Tucker, Nancy B.(1996)。Continuing Controversies in the Literature of U. S.-China Relations since 1945。Pacific Passage: The Study of American-East Asian Relations on the Eve of the Twenty-First Century。NY。  new window
40.Mayers, David A.(1987)。Eisenhower and Communism: Later Findings。Revalutating Eisenhower: American Foreign Policy in the 1950s。Urbana。  new window
41.張淑雅(1991)。韓戰期間美國對臺軍援初探。中華民國建國八十年學術討論集(第二冊)。  延伸查詢new window
42.Foot, Rosemary(1990)。The Search for a Modus Vivendi。The Great Powers in East Asia, 1953-1960。New York。  new window
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其他
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3.編案紀要初稿。  延伸查詢new window
4.美匪會談(三),臺北。  延伸查詢new window
5.金馬戰局(二)。  延伸查詢new window
6.Decimal Files。  new window
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8.Foreign Relations of the United States。  new window
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圖書論文
1.張淑雅(1996)。杜勒斯與對日媾和中的台灣問題,1950-1952。中華民國史專題論文集:第三屆討論會。臺北:國史館。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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