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題名:臺海危機與美國對「反攻大陸」政策的轉變
書刊名:中央研究院近代史研究所集刊
作者:張淑雅 引用關係
作者(外文):Chang, Su-ya
出版日期:2001
卷期:36
頁次:頁231-233+235-297
主題關鍵詞:臺海危機八二三砲戰反攻大陸杜勒斯蔣介石Taiwan Strait crisisReconquer the MainlandReturn to the MainlandJohn Foster DullesChiang Kai-shek
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(17) 博士論文(8) 專書(4) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:13
  • 共同引用共同引用:129
  • 點閱點閱:79
「反攻大陸」是中華民國政府(簡稱國府)遷臺後念玆在玆的目標,也是國府在臺灣的基本國策。冷戰高峰期間,支持國府、不承認中共的美國,對國府這個基本政策的立場究竟為何?本文仔細分析美國在 1950 年代兩次臺海危機期間對「反攻大陸」政策所做的深入思考,並指出:美國從未打算支持國府反攻,但為了牽制中共,一直不願公開反對此政策。至1954-1955 年第一次臺海危機期間,由於擔心國府趁機擴大衝突 ,美國才開始仔細思考有關反攻的問題,結果是要求國府不可憑武力硬性反攻,而是要「待機反攻」,也就是將自己塑造成一股可以隨時出動的力量,等局勢有利時把握機會取代中共。第二次臺海危機爆發後,美國將「待機反攻」的想法進一步推演,構思了讓「反攻大陸」精神化的說詞,要國府扮演中國文化的守衛者,以爭取大陸民心,作為日後重掌政權的基礎。由於國府早就聲明反攻革命是「三分軍事、七分政治」,也一向以爭取大陸民心為要務,故蔣介石在危機末期與來訪的美國國務卿發表聯合公報,聲明反攻主要途徑「為實行孫中山先生之三民主義,而非憑藉武力。」美國的說詞或許並未立即改變國府有關反攻大陸政策的實質,但徵諸 1960 年代中期後,國府大力推動的「中華文化復興運動」及「三民主義統一中國」口號,美國的想法對國府應有相當長遠的影響。
Ever since its retreat to Taiwan, the ultimate goal of the National Government of the Republic of China (NGRC) was to “Return to the Mainland” or to “Reconquer the Mainland.” The United States, the main sponsor of the NGRC in the 1950s, never intended to help the aging Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in fulfilling his “dream.” Washington, however, maintained public ambiguity over such slogans in the hope they would help to contain the “Red Chinese”. Such a deliberate ambiguity was challenged when the Communists launched the first shelling campaign against Quemoy in September 1954. Through this and then the next Taiwan Strait crisis in 1958, Washington was forced to think hard about the “Reconquering the Mainland” slogan. It first decided to advice Taipei to prepare itself as “a force of opportunity” ready to take over the mainland when circumstances became favorable, rather than planning on retaking the mainland by force. Then, in 1958, Washington depicted a new role for the Nationalists—to be the “custodian of Chinese culture and values,” so that it could appeal to the Chinese people when the Communist regime was on the verge of collapse. Since Chiang Kai-shek had been stressing that the task of reconquering the mainland relied mainly on political, rather than military, means, he agreed to reiterate it in a joint communique with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. In that pronouncement, it was said that the principle means of successfully liberating the Chinese people “is the implementation of Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Three People’s Principles and not the use of force.” Judging from the enormous efforts by the NGRC in promoting the “Restoration of Chinese Culture” since the mid-1960s and the “Reunification through the Practice of the Three People’s Principles” since the 1970s, Washington’s design perhaps had a lasting impact over the essence of the NGRC’s policy to “Reconquer the Mainland.”
期刊論文
1.張淑雅(19910600)。Unleashing Chiang Kai-shek? Eisenhower and the Policy of Indecision toward Taiwan, 1953。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,20,369-401。  延伸查詢new window
2.張淑雅(19940600)。中美共同防禦條約的簽訂:一九五〇年代中美結盟過程之探討。歐美研究,24(2),51-99。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.趙綺娜(20010300)。美國政府在臺灣的教育與文化交流活動(一九五一至一九七〇)。歐美研究,31(1),79-127。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.張淑雅(19930600)。安理會停火案:美國應付第一次臺海危機策略之一。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,22(下),61-106。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.張淑雅(19950600)。金馬撤軍?:美國應付第一次臺海危機策略之二。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,24(上),411-472。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.張淑雅(19940600)。臺海危機前美國對外島的政策(1953-1954)。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,23(下),293+295-330。new window  延伸查詢new window
7.張淑雅(19980300)。藍欽大使與一九五○年代的美國對臺政策。歐美研究,28(1),193-262。new window  延伸查詢new window
8.曾銳生(1995)。一九五○年代蔣中正先生反攻大陸政策。國史館館刊,復刊19。  延伸查詢new window
9.劉維開(2000)。蔣中正總統對韓戰及相關問題的看法與政策-民國三十九年。近代中國,137,91。  延伸查詢new window
學位論文
1.施志輝(1995)。「中華文化復興運動」之研究(1966-1991)(碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.蔣中正(1984)。總統蔣公思想言論總集。總統蔣公思想言論總集。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
2.(1996)。Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-60 (Vol.19)。Washington, D. C.。  new window
3.Bowie, Robert R.、Immerman, Richard H.(1998)。Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Eduring Cold War Strategy。N. Y.。  new window
4.(1998)。Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-68 (Vol.30)。Washington, D. C.。  new window
5.中共中央文獻研究室(1997)。周恩來年譜。北京:中央文獻出版社。  延伸查詢new window
6.Stolper, Thomas E.(1985)。China, Taiwan, and the offshore islands: Together with an Implication for Outer Mongolia and Sino-Soviet Relations。Armonk, New York:M. E. Sharpe。  new window
7.Taylor, Jay、林添貴(2000)。台灣現代化的推手--蔣經國傳。時報文化。  延伸查詢new window
8.Soman, Appu K.(2000)。Double-Edged Sword: Nuclear Diplomacy in Unequal Conflicts: The United States and China, 1950-1958。Westport, CT:Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated:Praeger。  new window
9.Hagerty, James C.、Ferrell, Robert H.(1983)。The Diary of James C. Hagerty: Eisenhower in Mid-Course, 1954-1955。Bloomington:Indiana University Press。  new window
10.Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf(1994)。Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, 1945-1992: Uncertain Friedships。New York:Twayne。  new window
11.王炳南(1985)。中美會談九年回顧。北京:世界知識出版社。  延伸查詢new window
12.陳志奇(1981)。美國對華政策三十年。臺北:中華日報社。  延伸查詢new window
13.Christensen, Thomas J.(1996)。Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958。Princeton University Press。  new window
14.王景弘(2000)。採訪歷史:從華府檔案看台灣。臺北:遠流。  延伸查詢new window
15.國防部史政編譯局(1987)。國民革命建軍史第四部:復興基地整軍備戰。國防部史政編譯局。  延伸查詢new window
16.(1983)。三民主義統一中國偉大的舵手─蔣總統經國先生專輯。三民主義統一中國偉大的舵手─蔣總統經國先生專輯。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
17.李建(1996)。〝反攻大陸〞密謀透析。〝反攻大陸〞密謀透析。北京。  延伸查詢new window
18.林桂圃(1981)。三民主義統一中國論集。三民主義統一中國論集。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
19.時事周報社(1981)。以三民主義統一中國。以三民主義統一中國。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
20.秦賢次(1983)。葉公超其人其文其事。臺北:傳記文學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
21.蘇格(1998)。蔣介石的影子兵團:白團物語。蔣介石的影子兵團:白團物語。北京。  延伸查詢new window
22.Boyle, Peter G.(1990)。The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953-1955。The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953-1955。Chapel Hill, NC。  new window
23.(1958)。中華人民共和國對外關係文件集(第三集)。中華人民共和國對外關係文件集(第三集)。北京。  延伸查詢new window
24.(1958)。Department of State Bulletin。Department of State Bulletin。  new window
25.Reminisence of V. K. Wellington Koo。Transcript of Oral History。  new window
26.Graebner, Norman A.(1987)。Eisenbower and Communism: the Public Record of the 1950s。Reevaluating Eisenhower: American Foreign Policy in the 1950s。Urbana/Chicago, IL。  new window
27.Tsang, Steve(1993)。Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang’s Policy to Reconquer the Chinese Mainland, 1949-1958。In the Shadow of China: Polotocal Developments in Taiwan since 1949。Honolulu。  new window
其他
1.(1985)。Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954 (Vol.14),Washington, D. C.。  new window
2.(1986)。Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-57 (Vol.12),Washington, D. C.。  new window
3.(1964)。John Foster Dulles Oral History Project。  new window
4.美匪會談卷(三)。  延伸查詢new window
5.總統談話紀錄函件。  延伸查詢new window
6.總統談話資料暨有關函件(三)。  延伸查詢new window
7.解除臺灣中立化後反攻大陸計劃。  延伸查詢new window
8.駐美大使館各項報告(一)。  延伸查詢new window
9.蔣總統與杜勒斯臺北會談。  延伸查詢new window
10.蔣總統與艾森豪總統往來函件電報。  延伸查詢new window
11.中日合約。  延伸查詢new window
12.中美共同防禦條約(一)。  延伸查詢new window
13.沈代部長向立法院全院就中美共同防禦條約案提出之報告稿。  延伸查詢new window
14.葉部長與藍欽、杜勒斯等談話紀錄。  延伸查詢new window
15.(1958)。總統九月二十九日中外記者招待會談話實錄。  延伸查詢new window
16.臺灣地位(二)。  延伸查詢new window
17.蔣中正總統檔案。  延伸查詢new window
18.Record Group 59,U.S.。  new window
19.中央日報。  延伸查詢new window
20.宣傳週報。  延伸查詢new window
21.翁台生,孫揚明(1994)。1963反攻大陸,差一點,臺北。  延伸查詢new window
22.傅建中(1998)。美國務院外交關係文件揭露─「火炬五號」反攻大陸計劃,臺北。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.張淑雅(1992)。韓戰期間美國對臺軍援政策初探。中華民國建國八十年學術討論集 (第2冊):國際關係史。臺北:近代中國出版社。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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