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題名:半總統制的崩潰、延續與轉型:威瑪共和與芬蘭的憲政比較
書刊名:問題與研究
作者:沈有忠 引用關係
作者(外文):Shen, Yu-chung
出版日期:2010
卷期:49:2
頁次:頁99-130
主題關鍵詞:半總統制威瑪共和芬蘭憲法理論憲政轉型Semi-presidentialismWeimar republicFinlandConstitutional essenceConstitutional transition
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(8) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:7
  • 共同引用共同引用:123
  • 點閱點閱:80
受到越來越多新興民主國家制訂半總統制憲法的影響,對於半總統制的相關研究也越來越受到重視。依照學界對半總統制的定義,威瑪共和與芬蘭都在1919 年設計出符合半總統制內涵的憲法,可說是當代最早的兩個半總統制的個案。這兩個國家的憲政運作卻有完全相反的結果:威瑪在1933 年崩潰,而芬蘭先是渡過經濟危機,更在80 年代逐漸往議會制轉型。本文擬就制度與非制度因素的互動,討論這兩個個案運作的迥異結果。本文將從憲法理論做比較的出發點,分析兩種不同理論基礎的半總統制憲法,並討論這兩種半總統制憲法在危機社會的運作情況。在威瑪是民主崩潰,而芬蘭則是延續,並且在外 部危機消退後逐步向議會制轉型。制度具有的根本差異,加上外在環境的因素,是造成兩個半總統制國家一個崩潰,一個穩定轉型的因素。許多新興民主國家設計半總統制憲法之後,開始追求制度化與民主穩定的目標,這兩個國家的歷史經驗當可以提供一些比較的經驗。
As democratization spread in Eastern and Central Europe over the last two decades, Semi-Presidentialism has become a concept with more attention paid when discussing constitutional issues. By definition, the Weimar Republic and Finland were two of the initial experiments of semipresidentialism. However, the constitutional practices in the Weimar Republic and Finland are worlds apart. Both semi-presidential, the Weimar Republic had broken down but Finland became a quasi-parliamentary democracy. This paper intends on discussing the differential essences of the semi-presidential constitutions. We will also compare the discrepancy between constitutional essence and practice of these two semi-presidential regimes. The different experiences of the Weimar Republic and Finland can inspire new Semi-Presidential democracies.
期刊論文
1.Pasquino, Ginafranco(1997)。Nomination: Semi-presidentialism: A Political Model at Work。European Journal of Political Research,31(1/2),128-137。  new window
2.Rogers, Lindsay、Foerster, Freda、Schwarz, Sanford(1932)。Aspects of German Political Institutions。Political Science Quarterly,47(3),321-351。  new window
3.Strik, Peter(2002)。Hugo Preuss, German Political Thought and the Weimar Constitution。History of Political Thought,23(3),497-516。  new window
4.Nousiainen, Jaakko(2001)。From Semi-Presidentialism to Parliamentary Government: Political and Constitutional Developments in Finland。Scandinavian Political Studies,24(2),95-109。  new window
5.Elgie, Robert(2004)。Semi-presidentialism: Concepts, Consequences and Contesting Explanations。Political Studies Review,2(3),314-330。  new window
6.Paloheimo, Heikki(2003)。The Rising Power of the Prime Minister in Finland。Scandinavian Political Studies,26(3),219-243。  new window
7.Roper, Steven D.(2002)。Are All Semipresidential Regimes the Same? A Comparison of Premier-Presidential Regimes。Comparative Politics,34(3),253-272。  new window
8.Bahro, Horst H.(19990300)。Virtues and Vices of Semi-presidential Government。人文及社會科學集刊,11(1),1-37。new window  new window
9.Duverger, Maurice(1980)。A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government。European Journal of Political Research,8(2),165-187。  new window
10.吳東野(19960800)。「半總統制」政府體系的理論與實際。問題與研究,35(8),37-49。new window  延伸查詢new window
11.吳玉山(20020100)。半總統制下的內閣組成與政治穩定--比較俄羅斯、波蘭與中華民國。俄羅斯學報,2,229-265。new window  延伸查詢new window
12.吳玉山(20000900)。The ROC's Semi-Presidentialism at Work: Unstable Compromise, Not Cohabitation。Issues & Studies,36(5),1-40。new window  new window
13.Raunio, Tapio(2004)。The Changing Finnish Democracy: Stronger Parliamentary Accountability, Coalescing Political Parties and Weaker External Constraints。Scandinavian Political Studies,27(2),133-152。  new window
14.Richter, Ludwig,(1998)。Reichspraesident und Ausnahmegewalt: Die Genese des Artikels 48 in den Beratungen der Weimar Nationalversammlung。Der Staat,37(2),pp. 221-247。  new window
圖書
1.Arter, David(1998)。Finland。Semi-presidentialism in Europe。New York, NY:Oxford University Press。  new window
2.Brunet, René(1922)。The New German Constitution。New York:Alfred. A. Knopf Press。  new window
3.Endemann, Helen(1999)。Das Regierungssystem Finnlands。Frankfurt am Main:Peter Lang Verlag。  new window
4.Gusy, Christoph(1997)。Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung。Mohr Siebeck Verlag。  new window
5.Mommsen, Hans(2004)。Aufstieg und Untergang der Republik von Weimar。Berlin:Ullstein Verlag。  new window
6.Nolte, Ernst(2006)。Die Weimarer Republik。München:Herbig Verlag。  new window
7.Nousiainen, Jaakko、Hodgson, John H.(1971)。The Finnish Political System。Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press。  new window
8.Preuß, Hugo(1926)。Staat, Recht und Freiheit: Aus 40 Jahren Deutscher Politik und Geschichte。Tübingen:J. C. B. Mohr Verlag。  new window
9.Watkins, Frederick Mindell(1939)。The Failure of Constitutional Emergency Powers under the Germany Republic。Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press。  new window
10.Winkler, Heinrich August(2005)。Weimar 1918-1933。München:Verlag C. H. Beck。  new window
11.Kolb, Eberhard(2002)。Die Weimar Republik。München:Oldenbourg Verlag。  new window
12.Peukert, Detlev J. K.、Richard Deveson(1987)。The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity。New York:Hill and Wang。  new window
13.Shugart, Matthew S.、Carey, John M.(1992)。Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamic。Cambridge:Cambridge University Press。  new window
14.Sartori, Giovanni(1997)。Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes。New York, NY:New York University Press。  new window
15.Bookbinder, Paul,(1996)。Weimar Germany。The Republic of the Reasonable。New York。  new window
16.Bracher, Karl Dietrich,(1983)。“Weimar-Krise und Zerstörung einer parliamentarischen Demokratie,”。herausgegeben von Martin Broszat, Deutschlands Weg in die Diktatur。Berlin。  new window
17.Huber, Ernst Rudolf,(1981)。Deutsche Verfassunsgeschichte seit 1789。Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung。Stuttgart。  new window
18.Huber, Ernst Rudolf,(1984)。Deutsche Verfassunsgeschichte seit 1789。Ausbau, Schutz und Untergang der Weimarer Republik。Stuttgart。  new window
19.Kolb, Eberhard,(1987)。“Vom Kaiserreich zur Re publik,”。herausgegeben von Gerhard Schulz, Weimarer Republik。Würzburg。  new window
圖書論文
1.Paloheimo, Heikki(2001)。Divided Government in Finland: From a Semi-Presidential to a Parliamentary Democracy。Divided Government in Comparative Perspective。New York:Oxford University Press。  new window
2.Richter, Ludwig(1997)。Der Reichspräsident bestimmt die Politik und der Reichskanzler deckt sie: Friedrich Ebert und die Bildung der Weimar。Friedrich Ebert als Reichspräsident。München:R. Ordenbourg Verlag。  new window
3.Rödder, Andreas(1999)。Weimar und die deutsche Verfassung。Weimar und die deutsche Verfassung。Hamburg:Klett-Cotta Verlag。  new window
4.Saalfeld, Thomas(2002)。The Impact of the World Economic Crisis and Political Reactions。Authoritarianism and Democracy in Europe, 1919-39。New York:Palgrave Press。  new window
5.Rothstein, Bo(1996)。Political Institutions: An Overview。A New Handbook of Political Science。Oxford University Press。  new window
6.林繼文(2000)。半總統制下的三角政治均衡。政治制度。臺北:中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所。  延伸查詢new window
7.Elgie, Robert(1999)。The Politics of Semi-Presidentialism。Semi-Presidentialism in Europe。Oxford University Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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