The purpose of this study was to investigate the role cognition and social adaptation of aboriginal single-parent children in the mountainous regions in Pingtung. The subjects were 100 single-parent children in the fifth and the sixth grades in the elementary schools in the mountainous regions. The methods for collecting data were "The role cognition questionnaire" and "Children social adjustment inventory" One-way MANOVA, one-way ANOVA, t-test, Pearson r, and Multiple Regression were presented. This article future discussed and suggested these results in details.