This study, conducted with pioneering cross-sectional investigation, adopted 346 residents in a certain public nursing home in central Taiwan as the subjects. Aiming at understanding their characteristics, physical and mental state, and care need, this study includes: basic data, residents’ health data, Activity of Daily Living Scale (ADL0, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and others. The results show that the residents’ average age is 80 years old, more female than men, mainly single and widowed, and the main reason why they checked into the facility is due to either lack of family support or aging of their family. Most of them suffer from HTN, stroke, while 73.9% residents are long-term on mediation, which mainly reduces their blood pressure. In addition, 45.5% residents tend to be depression. Among daily illness, the most disturbing for them is skin itching, the second disturbing is constipation, the third is vague eyesight. The subjects belong to the higher dependency category (the ADL’s average score is 27.8±31.40), while there is a significant difference between the residents on public payment and those on their own fee. The score of mental state function MMSE ranges from 0 to 29 points (average score is 16.27±6.33). ADL and MMSE have significantly positive relevance (r=0.493,p<0.001). ADL and GDS have significant negative relevance (r=0.-0.235,p<0.01). The medication totality and GDS have a significantly positive relevance (r=0.240,p<0.001). The worse the residents’ mental state gets, the worse the assessment score of their ADL and MMSE with a significant difference (p<0.01). The results work as a reference in promoting the living quality in long-term care facility.