中文部份
中華民國統計資訊網(2007)。 2007年社會指標統計表及歷年專題探討。 2008年12月取自http://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=19774&ctNode=538
內政部(2005)。 老人狀況調查摘要分析。 2008年12月,取自http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/survey.aspx
內政部戶政司。 (2003). 內政部統計月報之戶籍人口統計年報之人口年齡分配。 2008年10月取自http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-05.xls
內政部統計資訊網 (2009)。 人口年齡分配。 2010年1月取自:http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/list.htm.
內政部統計資訊網(2008)。 社會福利志願服務志工。 2009年3月取自http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/y04-22.xls.
毛政賢 (2005)。 社區老人社會支持與醫療利用之相關性研究-以苗栗縣為例 。亞洲大學健康管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台中。
台北榮總護理部研究發展委員會(2002)。 社會支持在長期照顧之簡介。 榮總護理, 19(3), 338-340。朱芬郁(1999)。 退休老人生涯規畫模式之研究。中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義。
江東亮 (1982)。 什麼是健康呢?。中華民國公共衛生學會雜誌, 1, 12-29。
江亮演 (1993)。 老人的社會生活。臺北:中華日報。
江信男、林旻沛、柯慧貞 (2005)。 臺灣地區老人的生理疾病多寡、自覺生理健康、社會支持度與憂鬱嚴重度。臨床心理學刊, 2(1), 11-22。
行政院經濟建設委員會 (2008)。 中華民國臺灣97年至145年人口推計結果-中推計。民97年12月取自http://www.cepd.gov.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0000455&key=&ex=%20&ic=
行政院衛生署 (2008)。 97年死因統計結果分析。民98年6月取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_2.aspx?now_fod_list_no=10642&class_no=440&level_no=3.
行政院衛生署國民健康局 (2006)。 95年衛生統計動向之人口與家庭。2008年12月取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_2.aspx?now_fod_list_no=9884&class_no=440&level_no=2
行政院衛生署國民健康局 (2006)。 民國八十九年臺灣老人健康之社會因素與生物指標研究成果報告。臺中市: 行政院衛生署國民健康局。
何長珠 (2008) 。悲傷影響因素之初探。生死學研究,7(1),139-192。余月嬌 (2004)。 退休老人的社會支持網絡與生活調適之比較研究 - 以台北和桃園地區為例 。實踐大學家庭研究與兒童發展研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
吳淑瓊、江東亮. (1995) 。 台灣地區長期照護的問題與對策。 中華公共衛生雜誌, 14(3), 246-255。吳淑瓊、陳正芬 (2000)。 長期照護資源的過去、現在與未來。社區發展季刊, 92, 19-31。呂朝賢、鄭清霞 (2005)。 中老年人參與志願服務的影響因素分析。臺大社會工作學刊,(12), 1-49。呂寶靜 (1995)。 增進老人社會參與之政策規劃。跨世紀老人醫療福利政策學術研討會論文。台北:內政部。
呂寶靜 (1996)。 失能老人非正式和正式照顧體系關係之探究-以日間照顧服方案之使用為例。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。台北:行政院國家科學委員會。.
呂寶靜 (2000)。 老人朋友網絡支持功能之初探。社會政策與社會工作學刊, 4(2), 43-90。李孟芬 (1993)。 台灣老人的非正式社會支持與生活滿意度之關係研究。於李孟芬主編,台灣地區老人保健與生活研究論文集第一輯 。台中:台灣省家庭計畫研究所。.
李雅雯 (2005)。 老人人格特質、寂寞感與休閒行為及電視收視行為之關聯性研究。中國文化大學新聞研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。.
李瑞金 (1995)。 台北市銀髮族社會參與需求研究。國立中興大學社會學系研究報告。 台北:財團法人台北市行天宮委託。
李瑞金 (1996)。 高齡者社會參與需求-以台北市為例。社會建設, 95, 7-19。
李麗晶、卓俊伶 (2008) 。身體活動和老人憂鬱症。中華體育季刊, 22(2),60-69。沈明輝 (2002)。 影響社區老人身體功能退化的因素。臺灣大學衛生政策與管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
沈桂枝 (2001)。 活動型老人之社區參與行為與社會支持之相關研究。國立台北護理學院護理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
周玉慧、莊義利 (1998)。 晚年生活壓力、社會支持與老人身心健康之變遷:長期資料分析。中山人文社會科學研究所第二屆「家庭與社會資源分配」學術研討會論文發表。台北:中央研究院。.周玉慧、楊文山、莊義利 (1998)。 晚年生活壓力、社會支持與老人身心健康。人文及社會科學集刊, 10(2), 227-265。周海娟 (2005)。 老人福利政策與社會資本建構。社區發展季刊, 110,205-215。尚憶薇、雷文谷、王智弘 (2007) 。花蓮市老年人運動行為階段與決定因素之研究。運動休閒管理學報, 4(1),58-74。林彥妤 (1988)。 生活事件、因應方式及社會支援對老人心理適應之影響。台灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
林美志 (2006)。 社區老人健康行為、健康狀況、生活品質與醫療資源使用情形之探討-- 以高雄縣旗美地區為例。高雄醫學大學醫務管理學研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄。
林珠茹 (2002)。 老人社區參與和生命意義相關之探討。台北護理學院護理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
林勝義 (1990a)。 老人參與社區發展之研究。臺北市: 中華民國社區發展研究訓練中心。
林勝義 (1990b)。 老人參與社區發展之研究。台北:中華民國社區發展訓練中心。
林勝義 (1993)。 退休後休閒和社會參與的規劃。成人教育, 16, 24-27。
林麗惠 (2001)。 高齡者參與學習活動與生活滿意度關係之研究。中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所博士論文,未出版,嘉義。邱民華 (2005)。 台南縣中小學退休教師社會參與及其相關因素之研究。致遠管理學院教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台南。.
凌千惠、傅光翊、黃荷瑄、姚慧萍、林宜慧、葉志嶸 (2007)。 老年族群之憂鬱程度、社會支持程度與醫療服務使用之相關性。中山醫學雜誌, 18(2), 201-215。
唐存敏 (2004)。 高齡者參與教會活動與生命意義感關係之研究-以高雄市教會為例 。中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義。
徐立忠 (1983)。 高齡化社會與老人福利。台北:商務印書館。.
徐立忠 (1996)。 中老年生涯規劃。台北 :三民。.
高迪理 (1991)。 社會支持系統概念之架構之探討。社區發展季刊, 54, 24-30。張怡 (2003)。 影響老人社會參與之相關因素探討。社區發展季刊, 103, 225-233。張玨 (2006)。 擁有心理健康是每個人的權利:個人心理健康的意義。於行政院衛生署國民健康局,健康九九衛生教育網。 2009年3月取自: http://health2099.doh.gov.tw/ThemeZone/theme_detail.aspx?MainDataID=2213&MainID=health2006.
張俊一 (2008)。 應用社會網絡分析概念探索老年人的休閒經驗:一個質性的研究。大專體育學刊, 10(3), 41-55。張家銘 (2009) 。嘉義市老年人休閒運動參與程度、心流體驗、生活滿意、憂鬱程度之相關研究。體育學報 ,42(3),113-129。張素紅、楊美賞 (1999)。 老人寂寞與其個人因素、自覺健康狀況、社會支持之相關研究。高雄醫學科學雜誌, 15(6), 337-347。
張隆順 (1982)。 社區辦理老人休閒活動之研究。台北:中華民國社區發展研究中心。.
張蕙麟 (2007)。 高雄市退休高齡者休閒參與、休閒滿意度及生活滿意度關聯模式之建立與分析。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊, 6(2), 102-109 。教育部國語推行委員會(1995) 。 重編國語辭典。台北:台灣商務。
梁以君 (2004)。 國民中學退休教師參與志願服務現況與其生活適應關係之研究。高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄。
許坋妃 (1997)。 高齡者社會參與動機、參與行為及參與滿意度之研究─以高雄市老人活動場所為例。東海大學社會工作學系碩士論文,未出版,台中。
陳丁山 (1998)。 老年人的人力開發與志工服務。於蔡培村,活到老學到老-老人自學手冊。 高雄:復文。.
陳宇嘉、吳美玲 (1984)。 台灣地區老人休閒活動型態之檢討與研究。社區發展季刊, 27, 77-87。陳美光 (1998)。 老人健康生活品質與健康習慣及社會心理因素關係之探討。台灣大學心理學系研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
陳峰瑛 (2004)。 獨居老人的社會支持與生活適應之探究 ──以高雄都會區的獨居老人為例。南華大學生死學研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義。
陳清美 (2004)。 老人社會大學大學參與者及非參與者參與動機、參與障礙及人格特質比較之研究。中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所博士論文,未出版,嘉義。陳畹蘭 (1992)。 台灣地區老人休閒活動參與影響因素之研究。中正大學社會福利研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義。
陳義明、廖蒼州 (1998)。 社團與人生。台中:財團法人中華扶輪教育基金會。
陳肇男 (1999)。 老年三寶: 老本、老伴與老友: 臺灣老人生活狀況探討。臺北 : 中央研究院經濟研究所。
陳燕禎 (2005)。 社區老人照顧支持體系及政策之探討。社區發展季刊, 110, 158-175。曾中明 (1993)。 老年人的社會參與-志願服務。社區發展季刊, 64, 94-96。黃春太 (1999)。 城鄉地區老人的社會支持體系及健康狀況之比較研究 。臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。黃繼慶 (1994)。 社會支持系統對社區老人心理健康的影響。臺灣大學公共衛生學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
萬育維 (1993)。 老年人的再教育與社會參與。社區發展季刊, 74, 87-97。葉瓊蘭 (1999)。 自費安養機構老人社會支持與身體健康、憂鬱之相關性探討。中山醫學院醫學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台中。
廖素嫺 (2003)。 社區老人參與志願服務之研究---以台中縣社區長壽俱樂部為對象。東海大學社會工作學系碩士論文,未出版,台中。
熊曉芳 (1999)。 社區獨居老人健康狀況, 社會支持及相關因素探討。臺灣大學護理學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
趙叔蘋 (2008) 。改善高齡者步行能力之因素探討。中華體育季刊 ,22(2),34-44。鄭文義 (1983)。 退休者如何奉獻時間參與志願服務。台北:社會局。
鄭政宗、賴昆宏 (2007) 。 臺中地區長青學苑老人之社會支持、孤寂感、休閒活動參與及生命意義之研究。朝陽學報, 12, 217-254。鄭淑子 (1996)。 高齡化社會中老人社會支持體系之探討。中華家政, 25, 66-76。
鄭淑子 (1997)。 農村老人的社會網絡與社會支持之研究。台灣大學農業推廣學系研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
盧淑敏 (2003)。 探討社會支持對獨居老人健康狀況、壓力感受及心理社會健康功能之影響。台北護理學院護理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
賴永和 (2001)。 國民中小學退休教師生活適應及其影響因素之研究。高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄。
戴伸峰 (1996)。 老人的生活壓力因應之道─積極社會參與。老人教育, 9, 50-57。
謝穎慧 (1994)。 社區老人之社會支持與精神健康之相關性研究。高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄。
鍾肇騰 (1999)。 老人教育參與者、非參與者教育態度與規範失調之比較研究-以台東縣為例。中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義。
羅凱南 (2001)。 社會支持、人格特質、個人屬性對老年人心理幸福滿足感影響之研究。政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
蘇琬玲 (2007)。 退休教師社會參與與老化態度關係之研究。國立中正大學成人及繼續教育所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義。
英文部份
Adams, R. G. (1987). Patterns of network Change: A longitudinal study of friendships of elderly woman. The Gerontologist, 27(2), 222-227.
Alexander, N. B., Guire, K. E., Thelen, D. G., Ashton-Miller, J. A., Schultz, A. B., Grunawalt, J. C., et al. (2000). Self-reported walking ability predicts functional mobility performance in frail older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48(11), 1408-1413.
Alexopoulos, G. S., Vrontou, C., Kakuma, T., Meyers, B. S., Young, R. C., Klausner, E., et al. (1996). Disability in geriatric depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(7), 877-885.
Anderson, R., & Newman, J. F. (1973). Societal and individual deter- minants of medical care utilization in the United States. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 51, 95-124.
Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10(2), 77-84.
Antonucci, T. C. (1990). Social support and social relationships. in R.H. Binstock and L.K. George (eds.), . Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, (3rd ed., p205-266). San Diego: Academic Press.
Barker, R. L. (1991). Social work dictionary. Maryland: Sliver Spring.
Barrera, M. (1981). Social support in the adjustment of pregnant adolescents: Assessment issue.In B. H. Gottlieb (Ed.),. Social network and social support (pp.69-96). London:Sage.
Barrerra, M., Sandler, I., & Ramsay, T. B. (1981 ). Preliminary development of a scale of social support: Studies on college students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 435-443.
Bassuk, S. S., Glass, T. A., & Berkman, L. F. (1999). Social disengagement and incident cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons. Annals of Internal Medicine, 131(3), 165-173.
Beckett, L. A., Brock, D. B., Lemke, J. H., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Guralnik, J. M., Fillenbaum, G. G., et al. (1996). Analysis of change in self-reported physical function among older persons in four population studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 143(8), 766-778.
Beekman, A. T. F., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Deeg, D. J. H., de Beurs, E., Geerling, S. W., & van Tilburg, W. (2002). The impact of depression on the well-being, disability and use of services in older adults: a longitudinal perspective. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105(1), 20-27.
Beekman, A. T., Deeg, D. J., Van Limbeek, J., Braam, A. W., De Vries, M. Z., & Van Tilburg, W. (1997). Criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D): results from a community-based sample of older subjects in The Netherlands. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 231-235.
Berkman, L. F. (1995). The role of social relations in health promotion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(3), 245-254.
Berkman, L. F. (2000). Which influences cognitive function: living alone or being alone? Lancet, 355(9212), 1291-1292.
Black, L., Runken, M. C., Eaddy, M., & Shah, M. (2007). Chronic disease prevalence and burden in elderly men: an analysis of Medicare medical claims data. Journal of Health Care Finance, 33(4), 68-78.
Bosworth, H. B., Mcquoid, D. R., George, L. K., & Steffens, D. C. (2002). Time-to-remission from geriatric depression: psychosocial and clinical factors. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10(5), 551-559.
Bosworth, H. B., Siegler, I. C., Brummett, B. H., Barefoot, J. C., Williams, R. B., Vitaliano, P. P., et al. (1999). The relationship between self-rated health and health status among coronary artery patients. Journal of Aging & Health, 11(4), 565-584.
Boult, C., Kane, R. L., Louis, T. A., Boult, L., & McCaffrey, D. (1994). Chronic conditions that lead to functional limitation in the elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 49(1), M28-36.
Bozo, O., Toksabay, N. E., & Kurum, O. (2009). Activities of daily living, depression, and social support among elderly Turkish people. Journal of Psychology 143(2), 193-205.
Cantor, M. H. (1980). The informal support system: Its relevance in the lives of the elderly.In McClusky and Borgatta (eds.),. Aging and society, Research and policy perspectives. CA.
Caplan, G. (1965). Principles of Preventive Psychiatry. London: Tavisstock. .
Carabellese, C., Appollonio, I., Rozzini, R., Bianchetti, A., Frisoni, G. B., Frattola, L., et al. (1993). Sensory impairment and quality of life in a community elderly population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41(4), 401-407.
Cassel, J. (1976). The contribution of the social environment to host resistance: the Fourth Wade Hampton Frost Lecture. American Journal of Epidemiology, 104(2), 107-123.
Cheng, S. T., Chan, A. C., Koizumi, Y., Awata, S., Kuriyama, S., Ohmori, K., et al. (2006). Social support and self-rated health revisited: is there a gender difference in later life. Social Science & Medicine 63(1), 118-122.
Choi, N. G., & Wodarski, J. S. (1996). The relationship between social support and health status of elderly people: does social support slow down physical and functional deterioration? Social Work Research, 20(1), 52-63.
Cobb, S. (1976). Presidential Address-1976. Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300-314.
Cohen, S., & Syme, S. L. (1985). Issue in the study and application of social support. In S. Cohen & S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health(pp.3-22), Academic Press: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers. .
Cohen, S., & Syme, S. L. (1985). Social support and health. London:Academic.
Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Skoner, D. P., Rabin, B. S., & Gwaltney, J. M. (1997). Social ties and susceptibility to the common cold. JAMA, 277, 1940-1944.
Crews, J. E., & Campbell, V. A. (2004). Vision impairment and hearing loss among community-dwelling older Americans: implications for health and functioning. American Journal of Public Health, 94(5), 823-829.
Crooks, V. C., Lubben, J., Petitti, D. B., Little, D., & Chiu, V. (2008). Social network, cognitive function, and dementia incidence among elderly women. American Journal of Public Health, 98(7), 1221-1227.
Cumming, E., & Henry, W. (1961). Growing old. New York: Basic books.
Cutrona, C., Russell, D., & Rose, J. (1986). Social support and adaptation to stress by the elderly. Psychology & Aging, 1(1), 47-54.
Dean, A., & Lin, N. (1977). The stress-buffering role of social support. Problems and prospects for systematic investigation. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 165(6), 403-417.
Dorfman, L. T. (1995). Health, financial status, and social participation of retired rural men and women: Implications. Educational Gerontology, 21(7), 653-669.
Ertel, K. A., Glymour, M. M., & Berkman, L. F. (2008). Effects of social integration on preserving memory function in a nationally representative US elderly population. American Journal of Public Health, 98(7), 1215-1220.
Fennel, G., Phillipson, C., & Evers, H. (1988). The sociology of Old Age. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Fischer, C. S. (1977). Network and places: Social Relations in the Urban Setting. NY: The Free Press.
Gadalla, T. M. (2009). Sense of mastery, social support, and health in elderly Canadians. Journal of Aging & Health 21(4), 581-595.
Gasto, C., Navarro, V., Catalan, R., Portella, M. J., & Marcos, T. (2003). Residual symptoms in elderly major depression remitters. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(1), 15-19.
Gazmararian, J., Baker, D., Parker, R., & Blazer, D. G. (2000). A multivariate analysis of factors associated with depression: evaluating the role of health literacy as a potential contributor. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(21), 3307-3314.
Glaser, K., Evandrou, M., & Tomassini, C. (2006). Multiple role occupancy and social participation among midlife wives and husbands in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 63(1), 27-47.
Glass, T. A., & Maddox, G. L. (1992). The quality and quantity of social support: stroke recovery as psycho-social transition. Social Science & Medicine, 34(11), 1249-1261.
Glei, D. A., Landau, D. A., Goldman, N., Chuang, Y.-L., Rodriguez, G., & Weinstein, M. (2005). Participating in social activities helps preserve cognitive function: an analysis of a longitudinal, population-based study of the elderly. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(4), 864-871.
Goodwin, J. S., Hunt, W. C., & Samet, J. M. (1991). A population-based study of functional status and social support networks of elderly patients newly diagnosed with cancer. Archives of Internal Medicine, 151(2), 366-370.
Gottlieb, B. H. (1983). Social support as a focus for integrative research in psychology. American Psychologist, 38(3), 278-287.
Han, B. (2002). Depressive symptoms and self-rated health in community-dwelling older adults: a longitudinal study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(9), 1549-1556.
Harold, G. K., Douglas, M. L., & Malcolm, M. C. (2006). 老人當家: 二十一世紀的老人。健康與信仰(程芸翻譯). 臺北:靈鷲山般若.
Hashimoto, K., Kurita, H., Haratani, T., Fujii, K., & Ishibashi, T. (1999). Direct and buffering effects of social support on depressive symptoms of the elderly with home help. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 53(1), 95-100.
Hays, J. C., Steffens, D. C., Flint, E. P., Bosworth, H. B., & George, L. K. (2001). Does social support buffer functional decline in elderly patients with unipolar depression? American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1850-1855.
Heine, C., & Browning, C. J. (2002). Communication and psychosocial consequences of sensory loss in older adults: overview and rehabilitation directions. Disability & Rehabilitation, 24(15), 763-773.
Henderson, A. S., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Mackinnon, A. J., Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H., et al. (1997). The course of depression in the elderly: a longitudinal community-based study in Australia. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 119-129.
Hill, C. A., & Chrictensen, A. J. (1989). Affective need, different types of social support, and physical symptoms. Journal of Applied Social Psychiatry, 19, 1351-1370.
Holtzman, R. E., Rebok, G. W., Saczynski, J. S., Kouzis, A. C., Wilcox Doyle, K., & Eaton, W. W. (2004). Social network characteristics and cognition in middle-aged and older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 59(6), P278-284.
Horowitz, A., Reinhardt, J. P., & Kennedy, G. J. (2005). Major and subthreshold depression among older adults seeking vision rehabilitation services. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(3), 180-187.
House, J. S. (1987). Social support and social structure. Sociological Forum, 2(1), 135-146.
House, J. S., Kahn, R. L., & McLeod, J. D. (1985). Measures and concepts of social support.In Cohen S.,Syme S.L. (Ed),. Social Support and Health, 83-108.New York: Academic Press.
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241(4865), 540-545.
House, J. S., Robbins, C., & Metzner, H. L. (1982). The association of social relationships and activities with mortality: prospective evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 116(1), 123-140.
Jou, Y. H., & Fukada, H. (1995). Effects of social support on adjustment of Chinese students in Japan. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 39-47.
Kahn, R., & Antonucci, T. (1981). Convoys over the life course: attachment roles and social supports. In Baltes P. and Brim O. (Eds.), Life Span Development and Behavior. New York:Academic Press.
Katz, S., Ford, A. B., Moskowitz, R. W., Jackson, B. A., & Jaffe, M. W. (1963). Studies of Illness in the Aged. The Index of Adl: A Standardized Measure of Biological and Psychosocial Function. JAMA, 185, 914-919.
Kim, J.-M., Stewart, R., Shin, I.-S., Yoon, J.-S., & Lee, H.-Y. (2004). Lifetime urban/rural residence, social support and late-life depression in Korea. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(9), 843-851.
Koizumi, Y., Awata, S., Kuriyama, S., Ohmori, K., Hozawa, A., Seki, T., et al. (2005). Association between social support and depression status in the elderly: results of a 1-year community-based prospective cohort study in Japan. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 59(5), 563-569.
Koizumi, Y., Awata, S., Kuriyama, S., Ohmori, K., Hozawa, A., Seki, T., et al. (2005). Association between social support and depression status in the elderly: results of a 1-year community-based prospective cohort study in Japan. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 59(5), 563-569.
Koukouli, S., Vlachonikolis, I. G., & Philalithis, A. (2002). Socio-demographic factors and self-reported functional status: the significance of social support. BMC Health Services Research, 2(1), 20.
Kriegsman, D. M., Penninx, B. W., van Eijk, J. T., Boeke, A. J., & Deeg, D. J. (1996). Self-reports and general practitioner information on the presence of chronic diseases in community dwelling elderly. A study on the accuracy of patients' self-reports and on determinants of inaccuracy. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49(12), 1407-1417.
Krishnan, K. R., George, L. K., Pieper, C. F., Jiang, W., Arias, R., Look, A., et al. (1998). Depression and social support in elderly patients with cardiac disease. American Heart Journal, 136(3), 491-495.
Kuo, Y.-F., Raji, M. A., Peek, M. K., & Goodwin, J. S. (2004). Health-related social disengagement in elderly diabetic patients: association with subsequent disability and survival. Diabetes Care, 27(7), 1630-1637.
Larson, R. (1978). Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older americans. Journal of Gerontology, 33(1), 109-125.
Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: self- maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist, 9, 179-186.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). stress, appraisal, and coping New York:Springer.
Lian, W. M., Gan, G. L., Pin, C. H., Wee, S., & Ye, H. C. (1999). Correlates of leisure-time physical activity in an elderly population in Singapore. American Journal of Public Health, 89(10), 1578-1580.
Liang, J., Levin, J. S., & Krause, N. M. (1989). Dimensions of the OARS mental health measures. Journal of Gerontology, 44(5), P127-138.
Lin, N. (1986). Conceptualizing social support .In N. Lin, A. Dean, & W. Ensel. (Eds.). Social support, life events, and depression., (pp.17-30). Orlando:Academic Press.
Lorig, K. R., Sobel, D. S., Ritter, P. L., Laurent, D., & Hobbs, M. (2001). Effects of a self-management program for patients with chronic disease. Effective Clinical Practice, 4, 256-262. .
Loucks, E. B., Berkman, L. F., Gruenewald, T. L., & Seeman, T. E. (2005). Social integration is associated with fibrinogen concentration in elderly men. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(3), 353-358.
Maaten, S., Kephart, G., Kirkland, S., & Andreou, P. (2008). Chronic disease risk factors associated with health service use in the elderly. BMC Health Services Research, 8, 237.
Maes, S., Vingerhoets, A., & Van Heck, G. (1987). The study of stress and disease: some developments and requirements. Social Science & Medicine, 25(6), 567-578.
Maselko, J., Kubzansky, L., Kawachi, I., Seeman, T., & Berkman, L. (2007). Religious service attendance and allostatic load among high-functioning elderly. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69(5), 464-472.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York:Harper and Row.
McCurren, C. D., & Hall, L. A. (1993). Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms. Clinical Nursing Research, 2(1), 128-147.
Miedema, B. B., & de Jong, J. (2005). Support for very old people in Sweden and Canada: the pitfalls of cross-cultural studies; same words, different concepts? Health & Social Care in the Community, 13(3), 231-238.
Miner, S., Logan, J. R., & Spitze, G. (1993). Predicting the frequency of senior center attendance. Gerontologist, 33(5), 650-657.
Moore, G. (1990). Structural determinants of men's and women's personal networks. American Sociological Review, 55, 726-736.
Noelker, L. S., & Bass, D. M. (1989). Home care for elderly persons: linkages between formal and informal caregivers. Journal of Gerontology, 44(2), S63-70.
Norbeck, J. S. (1981). Social support: a model for clinical research and application. Advances in Nursing Science, 3(4), 43-59.
Oman, D., & Reed, D. (1998). Religion and mortality among the community-dwelling elderly. American Journal of Public Health, 88(10), 1469-1475.
Oman, D., Kurata, J. H., Strawbridge, W. J., & Cohen, R. D. (2002). Religious attendance and cause of death over 31 years. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 32(1), 69-89.
Ormel, J., Kempen, G. I., Deeg, D. J., Brilman, E. I., van Sonderen, E., & Relyveld, J. (1998). Functioning, well-being, and health perception in late middle-aged and older people: comparing the effects of depressive symptoms and chronic medical conditions. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 46(1), 39-48.
Ostbye, T., Krause, K. M., Norton, M. C., Tschanz, J., Sanders, L., Hayden, K., et al. (2006). Ten dimensions of health and their relationships with overall self-reported health and survival in a predominately religiously active elderly population: the cache county memory study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(2), 199-209.
Ostbye, T., Steenhuis, R., Wolfson, C., Walton, R., & Hill, G. (1999). Predictors of five-year mortality in older Canadians: the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(10), 1249-1254.
Oxman, T. E., & Berkman, L. F. (1990). Assessment of social relationships in elderly patients. International Journal of Psychology Medicine, 20, 65-84.
Oxman, T. E., Freeman, D. H., Jr., & Manheimer, E. D. (1995). Lack of social participation or religious strength and comfort as risk factors for death after cardiac surgery in the elderly. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(1), 5-15.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2001). Religious struggle as a predictor of mortality among medically ill elderly patients: a 2-year longitudinal study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(15), 1881-1885.
Park, K. & Lee, Y. (2007). Association of social support and social activity with physical functioning in older persons. Journal of Preventive Medicine & Public Health 40(2), 137-144.
Pfeiffer, E. (1975). A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 23(10), 433-441.
Prince, M. J., Harwood, R. H., Blizard, R. A., Thomas, A., & Mann, A. H. (1997). Social support deficits, loneliness and life events as risk factors for depression in old age. . Psychological Medicine, 27(2), 323-332.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population Appl Psychol Meas, 385-401.
Rodriguez-Laso, A., Zunzunegui, M. V., & Otero, A. (2007). The effect of social relationships on survival in elderly residents of a Southern European community: a cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 7, 19.
Rogers, R. G. (1996). The effects of family composition, health, and social support linkages on mortality. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 37(4), 326-338.
Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 46(5), 1097-1108.
Rutledge, T., Linke, S. E., Olson, M. B., Francis, J., Johnson, B. D., Bittner, V., et al. (2008). Social networks and incident stroke among women with suspected myocardial ischemia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(3), 282-287.
Saczynski, J. S., Pfeifer, L. A., & Masaki, K. (2006). The effect of social engagement on incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163, 443-440.
Santus, G., Ranzenigo, A., Caregnato, R., & Inzoli, M. R. (1990). Social and family integration of hemiplegic elderly patients 1 year after stroke. Stroke, 21(7), 1019-1022.
Sarafino, E. P. (1997). 健康心理學(蕭仁釗、林耀盛、鄭逸如編譯)。台北:桂冠。
Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., Potter, E. H., 3rd, & Antoni, M. H. (1985). Life events, social support, and illness. Psychosomatic Medicine, 47(2), 156-163.
Schwartz, C. E., & Sendor, M. (1999). Helping others helps oneself: response shift effects in peer support. Social Science & Medicine, 48(11), 1563-1575.
Schwartz, C., Meisenhelder, J. B., Ma, Y., & Reed, G. (2003). Altruistic social interest behaviors are associated with better mental health. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(5), 778-785.
Seeman, T. E., & Berkman, L. F. (1988). Structural characteristics of social networks and their relationship with social support in the elderly: who provides support. Social Science & Medicine, 26(7), 737-749.
Seeman, T. E., Kaplan, G. A., Knudsen, L., Cohen, R., & Guralnik, J. (1987). Social network ties and mortality among the elderly in the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 126(4), 714-723.
Seeman, T. E., Lusignolo, T. M., Albert, M., & Berkman, L. (2001). Social relationships, social support, and pattems of cognitive aging in healthy, high-functioning older adults:MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Health Psychol, 20, 243-255.
Sharkley, P. (2000). The essentials of community care: A guide for practitioners. Great Britain: MACMILLN PRESS LTD. .
Sharma, L., Cahue, S., Song, J., Hayes, K., Pai, Y.-C., & Dunlop, D. (2003). Physical functioning over three years in knee osteoarthritis: role of psychosocial, local mechanical, and neuromuscular factors. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 48(12), 3359-3370.
Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science & Medicine, 32(6), 705-714.
Sleath, B., Thorpe, J., Landerman, L. R., Doyle, M., & Clipp, E. (2005). African-American and white caregivers of older adults with dementia: differences in depressive symptomatology and psychotropic drug use. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(3), 397-404.
Stanford Patient Education Research Center. (2009). Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D 10).from http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/research/cesd10.html.
Strawbridge, W. J., Shema, S. J., Cohen, R. D., & Kaplan, G. A. (2001). Religious attendance increases survival by improving and maintaining good health behaviors, mental health, and social relationships. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 23(1), 68-74.
Suda, Y., Marske, C. E., Flaherty, J. H., Zdrodowski, K., & Morley, J. E. (2001). Examining the effect of intervention to nutritional problems of the elderly living in an inner city area: a pilot project. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 5(2), 118-123.
Sugisawa, H., Liang, J., & Liu, X. (1994). Social networks, social support, and mortality among older people in Japan. Journal of Gerontology, 49(1), S3-13.
Suzanne, S.(2004)。Challenges in doing cross-cultural research on quality of life。發表於2004年10月三軍總醫院及台灣臨床藥學會聯合主辦「生活品質研討會」。台北:六福皇宮。
Temkin-Greener, H., Bajorska, A., Peterson, D. R., Kunitz, S. J., Gross, D., Williams, T. F., et al. (2004). Social support and risk-adjusted mortality in a frail older population. Medical Care, 42(8), 779-788.
Thoits, P. A. (1982). Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stress. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 23(2), 145-159.
Tomaka, J., Thompson, S.,& Palacios, R. (2006). The relation of social isolation, loneliness, and social support to disease outcomes among the elderly. Journal of Aging & Health 18(3), 359-384.
Turner, B. H. (1992). Old Volunteers: An Assessment of Two Theories. Educational Geronyology, 18, 41-55.
Verghese, J., LeValley, A., Derby, C., Kuslansky, G., Katz, M., Hall, C., et al. (2006). Leisure activities and the risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in the elderly. Neurology, 66(6), 821-827.
Verghese, J., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Hall, C. B., Derby, C. A., Kuslansky, G., et al. (2003). Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(25), 2508-2516.
Voils, C. I., Steffens, D. C., Flint, E. P., & Bosworth, H. B. (2005). Social support and locus of control as predictors of adherence to antidepressant medication in an elderly population. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(2), 157-165.
Wallace, S. P., Levy-Storms, L., & Ferguson, L. R. (1995). Access to paid in-home assistance among disabled elderly people: do Latinos differ from non-Latino whites? American Journal of Public Health, 85(7), 970-975.
Wallhagen, M. I., Strawbridge, W. J., Shema, S. J., Kurata, J., & Kaplan, G. A. (2001). Comparative impact of hearing and vision impairment on subsequent functioning. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49(8), 1086-1092.
WHO. (1948, April 7 ). What is the WHO definition of health?, Retrieved April 30, 2009, from http://www.who.int/suggestions/faq/en/index.html
WHO. (1997). Measuring Quality of Life, Retrieved April 30, 2009 from http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/2068.pdf.
Wolinsky, F. D., Johnson, R. L., & Stump, T. E. (1995). The risk of mortality among older adults over an eight-year period. Gerontologist, 35(2), 150-161.
Yeh, S.C. & Liu, Y.Y. (2003). Influence of social support on cognitive function in the elderly. BMC Health Services Research, 3(1), 9.
Yoon, D. P.& Lee, E. K. (2007). The impact of religiousness, spirituality, and social support on psychological well-being among older adults in rural areas. Journal of Gerontological Social Work 48(3-4), 281-298.
Zunzunegui, M.-V., Alvarado, B. E., Del Ser, T., & Otero, A. (2003). Social networks, social integration, and social engagement determine cognitive decline in community-dwelling Spanish older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 58(2), S93-S100.