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題名：菩薩應不應證實際？--從大乘經典看證悟觀念的轉變
書刊名：中國文哲研究集刊
作者：宗玉媺 引用關係
作者(外文)：Choong, Yoke Meei
出版日期：2011
卷期：38
頁次：頁215-249
主題關鍵詞：證空；涅槃；修空；聲聞道；菩薩道；Realization；Nirvāna；Emptiness；Śrāvaka-path；Bodhisattva-path
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 共同引用共同引用:262
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初期與中後期的大乘經典對於菩薩應不應證實際（ =證涅槃）的看法並不一致。多數初期大乘佛教勸告菩薩在定中修空時，還未成佛前不可證實際。因為成佛需歷經無數長久的菩薩行持來累集無量的功德，而證實際便永離生死輪迴，再也沒有機會圓滿功德而成佛了。 後來隨著聲聞乘開展出階次複雜且理論完善的修行道時，菩薩道也吸收聲聞道的理論，出現菩薩證實際也能成佛的說法。這種說法與早期菩薩不應證實際的觀念形成矛盾。早期證實際即是證涅槃，而後來只要有悲心，或不住於空，證實際也不會墮入聲聞道。這些不同的觀點是菩薩道模擬聲聞道發展的結果。有時它也透露大乘修空觀念上的改變。 大乘佛教如此的演變雖然沒有改變菩薩要成佛不入涅槃的主張，但是卻把「實際」在菩薩道的角色改變了。「實際」本來會障礙菩薩成佛，後來變成是菩薩所應證的對象。若不參考早期大乘的說法，很容易令人誤解菩薩也以實際作為修空的理想。
A matter of concern for the Bodhisattva in most of the early Mahāyāna sūtras is that he should not realize the supreme truth (= nirvāna) in the practice of emptiness until he attains Buddhahood. The reason is that a Bodhisattva has to accumulate immeasurable kalpas of merits in order to attain Buddhahood. Realizing the supreme truth ends the circle of existence and thus deprives the Bodhisattva of the chance of attaining Buddhahood. Alongside the development of the Śrāvaka-path into a comprehensive hierarchy with highly advanced theory, the Bodhisattva-path adopted the assertion that the Bodhisattva can attain Buddhahood even after having realized the supreme truth. This contradicts the early statement of not realizing the supreme truth until attaining Buddhahood. In the earlier sūtras “realization of the supreme truth” means “attainment of nirvāna,” but in the later texts, they may not be identified with each other. In some later texts, it is even implied that realization of the supreme truth poses no danger of falling into the Śrāvaka-path as long as the Bodhisattva has loving kindness or is skillful enough not to abide in emptiness. This divergence of opinion about realizing the supreme truth in the Bodhisattvapath is a result of the competition with the Śrāvaka-path. In some cases it reveals a change of the idea of the practice of emptiness. Though with this change the Bodhisattva is still told not to realize nirvāna in order to attain Buddhahood, realization of the supreme truth has become the ideal purpose of the practice of emptiness.
期刊論文
1.宗玉媺(20080600)。「菩提心」用語成形前後的涵義探究--以《般若波羅蜜經》前二品為主。法鼓佛學學報，2，1-39。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.梅廼文(19960700)。竺法護的翻譯初探。中華佛學學報，9，49-64。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.Streng, Frederick J.(1982)。Realization of Param Bhūtakot4i (Ultimate Reality Limit) in the Ast 4 4asāhasrikā Prajnāpāramitā Sūtra。Philosophy East and West，32(1)，91-98。  new window
4.Vetter, Tilmann(1984)。A Comparison between the Mysticism of the Older Prajñā-pāramitā Literature and the Mysticism of the Mūla-Madhyamaka-Kārikās of Nāgārjuna。Acta Indologica，6，495-512。  new window
5.de Breet, Jan A.(1992)。The Concept Upāyakauśalya in the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajāpāramitā。Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens，36，203-216。  new window
學位論文
1.宗玉媺(2006)。Zum Problem der Leerheit (śūnyatā) in der Prajñāpāramitā，Frankfurt。  new window
圖書
1.Wynne, Alexander(2007)。The Origin of Buddhist Meditation。Oxon：Routledge Curzon。  new window
2.釋僧佑(1924)。出三藏記集。東京：大正一切經刊行會。  延伸查詢new window
3.釋印順(1988)。初期大乘佛教之起源與開展。臺北：正聞出版社。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.印順(1992)。空之探究。正聞。  延伸查詢new window
5.Conze, Edward(1978)。The Prajñāpāramitā Literature。The Reiyukai。  new window
6.蔣忠新編(1988)。《民族文化圖書館藏梵文《妙法年華經》寫本》。北京。  延伸查詢new window
7.水野弘元等(1983)。《佛典解題事典》。東京。  延伸查詢new window
8.Rahder, Johannes(1926)。Daśabhūmikasūtra。J.-B. ISTAS。  new window
9.Apple, James B.(2008)。Stairway to Nirvān4 a: A Study of the Twenty Sam4 ghas Based on the Works of Tsong Kha Pa。New York。  new window
10.Lamotte, Étienne(1988)。History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era, Sara Webb-Boin trans. from the French。Louvain。  new window
11.Conze, Edward(1994)。The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines & Its Verse Summary。Delhi。  new window
12.Edgerton, Franklin(1998)。Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary。Delhi。  new window
13.Mäll, Linnart(2005)。Studies in the Ast 4 4asāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā and Other Essays。Delhi。  new window
14.Nakamura, Hajime(1987)。Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes。Delhi：Motilal Banarsidass。  new window
15.Nakamura, Hajime(1990)。A History of Indian Budhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna。Honolulu。  new window
16.Nattier, Jan(2008)。A Guide to the Earliest Chinese Buddhist Translations: Texts from the Eastern Han 東漢 and Three Kingdoms 三國 Periods。Tokyo。  new window
17.Dutt, Nalinaksha(1934)。The Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā – edited with critical notes and introduction。London。  new window
18.Karashima, Seishi、Noriyuki Kudo(2002)。The Kāśyapaparivarta: Romanized Text and Facsimiles。Tokyo。  new window
19.Kimura, Takayasu(1990)。Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā “lV”。Tokyo。  new window
20.Pradhan, P.(1975)。Abhidharmakośabhās4yam of Vasubandhu (Tibetan Sanskrit Work Series Vol. VIII)。Patna。  new window
21.Vira, Raghu、Lokesh Chandra、Edward Conze(1995)。Gilgit Buddhist Manuscripts: Revised and Enlarged Compact Facsimile。Delhi。  new window
22.Wogihara, U.(1973)。Abhisamayālam4 kārālokā Prajñāpāramitāvyākhyā: The Work of Haribhadra, Together with the text Ast 4 4asāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā。Tokyo。  new window
23.Wogihara, U.(1971)。Abhidharmakośavyākhyā by Yasomitra。Tokyo。  new window
24.Wogihara, U.(1971)。Bodhisattvabhūmi。Tokyo。  new window
25.Davids, Rhys(1977)。Majjhima-Nikāya。London。  new window
26.Feer, M. Léon(1975)。Sam4 yutta-Nikāya。Qxford。  new window
27.Morris, Richard(1958)。An4 guttara Nikāya。London。  new window
28.Oldenberg, Hermann(1993)。Vinaya Pit4akam4。Oxford。  new window
29.Taylor, Arnold C.(1979)。Pat4isambhidāmagga。London。  new window
30.Warren, Henry Clarke、Kosambi, Dharmananda(1950)。Visuddhimagga of Buddhaghosācariya。Cambridge, Massachusetts：Harvard University Press。  new window
31.Woods, J. H.、D. Kosambi、I. B. Horner(1933)。Papañcasūdanī (Majjhimanikāya-att 4 4hakathā)。London。  new window
32.Schmithausen, Lambert(1978)。Zur Struktur der erlösenden Erfahrung im indischen Buddhismus。Transzendenzerfahrung, Vollzugshorizont des Heils – Das Problem in indischer und christlicher Tradition (Arbeitsdokumentation Eines Symposiums)。Wien。  new window
33.Walleser, M.(1914)。The Prajñā-pāramitā: die Vollkommenheit der Erkenntnis nach indischen, tibetischen und chinesischen Quellen。Göttingen-Leibzig。  new window
34.尸羅達摩(1924)。十地經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
35.鳩摩羅什(1924)。小品般若波羅蜜經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
36.鳩摩羅什(1924)。妙法蓮華經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
37.僧伽婆羅(1924)。大乘十法經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
38.鳩摩羅什(1924)。維摩詰所說經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
39.曇無讖(1924)。大方等大集經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
40.龍樹造、鳩摩羅什(1924)。大智度論。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
41.龍樹造、自在比丘、達摩笈多(1924)。菩提資糧論。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
42.彌勒、玄奘(1924)。瑜伽師地論。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
43.瞿曇僧伽提婆(1924)。中阿含經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
44.支婁迦讖(1924)。道行般若經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
45.支婁迦讖(1924)。阿閦佛國經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
46.玄奘(1924)。大般若波羅蜜多經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
47.玄奘(1924)。說無垢稱經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
48.玄奘(1924)。阿毘達磨大毗婆沙論。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
49.世親造、玄奘(1924)。阿毘達磨俱舍論。東京：大正一切經刊行會。  延伸查詢new window
50.佛馱跋陀羅(1924)。大方廣佛華嚴經。東京：大正一切經刊行會。  延伸查詢new window
51.求那跋陀羅(1924)。雜阿含經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
52.法護等(1924)。大乘菩薩藏正法經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
53.菩提流支(1924)。法集經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
54.菩提流志(1924)。大寶積經。大正一切經刊行會。  延伸查詢new window
55.鳩摩羅什(1924)。摩訶般若波羅蜜經。大正新脩大藏經。東京。  延伸查詢new window
56.Mañjuśrīgarbha el.(2002)。phags-pa chos yang-dag-par sdud-pa shes-bya-ba theg-pa chen-po’i mdo。bKar ‘gyur Sde-dge。New York。  new window
圖書論文
1.竺法護(1924)。寶女所問經。大正新脩大藏經。東京：大正一切經刊行會。  延伸查詢new window
2.Hurvitz, Leon(1977)。The Abhidharma on the ‘Four Aids to Penetration’。Buddhist Thought and Asian Civilization: Essays in Honor of Herbert V. Guenther on His Sixtieth Birthday。California：Dharma Publishing。  new window
 
 
 
 
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