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題名:科技研究中的地理轉向及其在地理學中的迴響
書刊名:地理學報
作者:洪廣冀
作者(外文):Hung, Kuang-Chi
出版日期:2016
卷期:83
頁次:頁23-69
主題關鍵詞:地理轉向科技研究科學知識科學知識社會學行動者網絡理論Geographical turnScience and technology studiesScientific knowledgeSociology of scientific knowledgeActor-network theory
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(5) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
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  • 共同引用共同引用:305
  • 點閱點閱:74
科學哲學、科學社會學與科學史研究者一度堅稱科學知識必定是普世性的、是貫穿古今且放諸四海皆準的。然而,自1970 年代以來於科學史與科學知識社會學中蓬勃發展的「在地取向」挑戰這樣的說法,進而以一系列精巧的經驗研究證明科學知識不僅可為社會學與人類學分析的對象,更有其地理學。本文旨在介紹這波持續近半世紀、影響橫跨地理學、人類學、社會學與科學技術研究的「地理轉向」。首先,我將回顧1970 年代以降科學史與科學知識社會學的發展,說明科學知識之地方性如何成為研究者關心的重點。進而,我將討論同時期之地理學者如何回應這波來自學科外對科學之普世性與進步性的挑戰。第三部分將回顧主導此地理轉向的兩類理論取向:1. 由社會學者Steven Shapin 與地理學者David N.Livingstone 倡導之將「科學置於其地」;2. 挑戰社會與自然之二元論的行動者網絡理論。結論將總結此地理轉向係如何再形塑研究者對科學知識的定義,並簡述全球論者、後殖民主義者與後結構主義者對此轉向的批評。以此為基礎,我將提出數點值得臺灣地理學者深入探討的主題。
Researchers in philosophy of science, sociology of science, and history of science formerly believed that scient ific knowledge must be universal, ahistorical and independent from any geographical context. The “localist” approach that has thrived in the history of science and science and technology studies (STS) challenges this view of science, thus producing a serie s of sophisticated studies to show that scientific knowledge not only belongs to a legitimate subject worthy of sociological and anthropological scrutiny, but also has its own geography. This article aims at introducing this “geographical turn” that has lasted for the pastand has become influential across geography, anthropology, sociology and STS. First, study trace s the development of the history of science and sociology of scientific knowledge from the 1970s onward, revealing how locality of scientific knowledge became an important research issue. The responses of geographers to the challenges posed by historians and sociologists regarding the universality and progressiveness of scientific knowledge are then discussed. The third part is de voted to reviewing two theoretical approaches that have led the geographical turn: 1. t he approach advocated by the sociologist Steven Shapin and geographer David NLivingstone, with an emphasis on “putting science in its place”, and 2. the act - network th eory (ANT) that challenges the nature/culture dualism. The conclusion summarizes the contributions of the geographical turn to reshape our understanding of scientific knowledge. The criticisms made by postcolonialists, poststructuralists, and globalists on this turn in the history of science and STS are then outlined, and applied to derive themes that merit further geographical inquiries.
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3.Agnew, J. A.、Livingstone, D. N.(2011)。[The Sage handbook of geographical knowledge]Introduction。The Sage handbook of geographical knowledge。London:Sage。  new window
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11.Edge, David(1995)。Reinventing the wheel。Handbook of science and technology studies。Sage Publications。  new window
12.Fujimura, J. H.(1992)。Crafting science: Standardized packages, boundary objects, and "translation"。Science as practice and culture。Chicago, Illinois:University of Chicago Press。  new window
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14.Knorr-Cetina, K.(1992)。The couch, the cathedral, and the laboratory: On the relationship between experiment and laboratory in science。Science as practice and culture。Chicago, Illinois:University of Chicago Press。  new window
15.Knorr-Cetina, Karin(1995)。Laboratory studies: The cultural approach to the study of science。Handbook of science and technology studies。Sage。  new window
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18.Lynch, M.(1992)。Extending Wittgenstein: The pivotal move from epistemology to the sociology of science as practice and culture。Science as practice and culture。Chicago, Illinois:University of Chicago Press。  new window
19.Mayhew, R. J.(2011)。Geography's genealogies。The Sage handbook of geographical knowledge。London:Sage。  new window
20.Pickering, A.(1992)。From science as knowledge to science as practice。Science as practice and culture。Chicago, Illinois:University of Chicago Press。  new window
21.Schaffer, S.(1998)。Physics laboratories and the Victorian country house。Making space for science: territorial themes in the shaping of knowledge。Basingstoke, Hampshire:Macmillan Press。  new window
22.Shapin, S.(2011)。Up for air: Leviathan and the air-pump a generation on。Leviathan and the air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life。Princeton, New Jersey:Princeton University Press。  new window
23.Sismondo, Sergo(2008)。Science and technology studies and an engaged program。The Handbook of science and technology studies。Cambridge, Massachusetts:MIT Press。  new window
24.Smith, C.、Agar, J.(1998)。Making space for science。Making space for science: Territorial themes in the shaping of knowledge。Basingstoke, Hampshire:Macmillan。  new window
25.Turner, S.(2008)。The social studies before Kuhn。The Handbook of science and technology studies。Cambridge, Massachusetts:MIT Press。  new window
26.Withers, C. W. J.(2002)。The geography of scientific knowledge。Göttingen and the development of the natural sciences。Göttingen:Wallstein Verlag。  new window
27.Withers, C. W. J.(2011)。Geography's narratives and intellectual history。The Sage handbook of geographical knowledge。London:Sage。  new window
 
 
 
 
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