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題名：從經到論：管窺印度佛教文獻史上的重大變遷
書刊名：成大歷史學報
作者：關則富
作者(外文)：Kuan, Tse-fu
出版日期：2017
卷期：53
頁次：頁135-177
主題關鍵詞：佛教；論藏；阿毘達磨；上座部；南傳上座部；說一切有部；法藏部；Buddhism；Abhidharma-piṭaka；Abhidharma；Abhidhamma；Theravāda；Sarvāstiveāda；Dharmaguptaka
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佛典包含了「三藏」，即經藏、律藏、論藏。佛教各傳統均承認「經」、「律」為佛陀所說。「論」(阿毘達磨)則是後來的佛教徒為了闡明「契經」（簡譯為「經」）中的要義並將它系統化而撰述的著作。不少契經中已可見到阿毘達磨的雛形。佛教分裂後，一些部派發展出各自的「阿毘達磨藏」（論藏）。本文探討阿毘達磨如何從「契經」的形式發展到「論藏」，以及現存三個部派的論藏如何對其經的內容進行解釋、分類與系統化，由此創發各具特色的阿毘達磨論議方法。諸多契經的講述方式是為了適應各式各樣聽眾的需要，在各種情境對各類根機的人物講道。典型的阿毘達磨論議方式則對經中的這些敘事內容不予理會，純粹對佛陀的教義（法）盡其所能地分析成許多「究竟真實」的基本要素，用各種的分類法將這些要素作歸類，以組織完整的教義體系為目標。那麼「阿毘達磨藏」（論藏）是要服務什麼樣的人？一些部派撰述「論藏」的動機為何？那些因素促成「論藏」的興起？本文將論述以上這些問題。
The Buddhist canon is composed of the ＂three baskets＂ (tri-pitaka), i.e. the Sutra-pitaka, the Vinaya-pitaka, and the Abhidharma-pitaka. The various Buddhist traditions recognize that the sutras and the Vinaya were delivered by the Buddha but the Abhidharma texts were composed by later Buddhists to elucidate and systematize the essential doctrines in the sutras. The prototype of abhidharma had already appeared in a number of sutras. After schisms occurred in Buddhism, some sects or schools developed their own Abhidharma-pitaka. In this essay, I explore how abhidharma was developed from the style of sutras into the Abhidharma-pitaka and how the extant Abhidharma-pitakas of three schools interpreted, classified, and systematized the Buddha's discourses in different ways, thereby creating their own methods of Abhidhannic discussion. The sutraz were tailored to the needs of a wide variety of audiences and were expounded under diverse circumstances to individuals with different capacities for comprehension. By contrast the typical Abhidharmic way of discussion, while disregarding the narratives contained in the sutras, analyzed the Buddha's teaching (Dharma) into all possible ＂ultimately real＂ elements and classified them according to various schemes of taxonomy in order to construct a complete doctrinal system. This essay will attempt to answer the following questions: Who were the people that the Abhidhanna-pitaka was meant to serve? What motivated some sects to compose the Abhidharma-pitaka? Which factors brought about the rise of the Abhidharma-pitakat?
期刊論文
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4.Bronkhorst, Johannes(1985)。Dharma and Abhidharma。Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies，48(2)，305-320。  new window
5.青原令知(2007)。「集異門足論」のアビダルマ的特質。印度學佛教學研究，56(1)，357-351。  延伸查詢new window
6.關則富(2013)。The Pavāraṇā Sutta and 'liberation in both ways' as against 'liberation by wisdom。Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies，76(1)，49-73。  new window
7.關則富(2013)。Legends and Transcendence: Sectarian Affiliations of the Ekottarika Āgama in Chinese Translation。Journal of the American Oriental Society，133(4)，607-634。  new window
8.關則富(2015)。Abhidhamma Interpretations of 'Persons' (puggala): with Particular Reference to the Aṅguttara Nikāya。Journal of Indian Philosophy，43(1)，31-60。  new window
9.Cousins, L. S.(1992)。Vitakka/Vitarka and Vicāra: Stages of Samādhi in Buddhism and Yoga。Indo-Iranian Journal，35，137-157。  new window
10.Cousins, L. S.(2015)。Abhidhamma Studies III: Origins of the Canonical Abhidha(r)mma Literature。Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies，8，96-145。  new window
11.Wynne, Alexander(2002)。An Interpretation of 'Released on Both Sides' (Ubhato-bhāga-vimiitti) and the Ramifications for the Study of Early Buddhism。Buddhist Studies Review，19(1)，31-40。  new window
12.Willemen, Charles(2008)。Kumārajīva's 'Explanatory Discourse' about Abhidharmic Literature。Journal of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies，12，37-83。  new window
13.Stuart-Fox, Martin(1989)。Jhāna and Buddhist Scholasticism。Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies，12(2)，79-110。  new window
14.福田琢(1990)。「婆沙論」における得と成就。大谷大學大學院研究紀要，7，1-21。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Collins, Steven(1998)。Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities: Utopias of the Pali Imaginaire。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
2.Gombrich, Richard F.(2006)。Theravāda Buddhism: A social history from ancient Benares to modern Colombo。Routledge。  new window
3.Willemen, Charles、Dessein, Bart、Cox, Collett(1998)。Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism。Brill。  new window
4.關則富(2008)。Mindfulness in Early Buddhism, New Approaches through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskrit Sources。Routledge。  new window
5.Anālayo, Bhikkhu(2014)。The Dawn of Abhidharma。Hamburg：Hamburg University Press。  new window
6.瑪欣德尊者(2009)。阿毗達摩講要。臺南：臺灣南傳上座部佛教學院。  延伸查詢new window
7.Nyanaponika, Thera(1998)。Abhidhamma Studies。Kandy：Buddhist Publication Society。  new window
8.Zürcher, Erik(2007)。The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China。Leiden：E. J. Brill。  new window
9.Von Hinüber, Oskar(1997)。A Handbook of Pali Literature。New Delhi：Munshiram Manoharlal。  new window
10.Lamotte, Étienne、Webb-Boin, Sara(1988)。History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era。Peeters Press。  new window
11.Gethin, Rupert(1998)。The Foundations of Buddhism。Oxford University Press。  new window
12.Dutt, Sukumar(1996)。Early Buddhist Monachism。New Delhi：Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers。  new window
13.水野弘元(1996)。仏教文献研究。東京：春秋社。  延伸查詢new window
14.Oldenber, Hermann(1879)。The Vinaya Piṭakam。Edinburgh：Williams & Norgate。  new window
15.Trenckner, V.(1880)。The Milindapañho。London：Williams & Norgate。  new window
16.Oldenberg, Hermann(1879)。The Dípavamsa: an ancient Buddhist Historical Record。London：Williams and Norgate。  new window
17.Yaśomitra、Wogihara, Unrai(1971)。Sphutārthā Abhidharmakośavyākhyā。Tokyo：Sankibo Buddhist Book Store。  new window
18.Pradhan, P.(1967)。Abhidharma-kośabhāsya。Patna：K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute。  new window
19.平川彰(2011)。インド仏教史。東京：春秋社。  延伸查詢new window
20.王任光(1979)。西洋中古史。臺北：國立編譯館。  延伸查詢new window
21.水野弘元(1997)。パーリ論書研究。東京：春秋社。  延伸查詢new window
22.木村泰賢(1968)。阿毘達磨論の研究。東京：大法輪閣。  延伸查詢new window
23.櫻部建(1969)。倶舍論の研究。京都：法藏館。  延伸查詢new window
24.楊郁文(1999)。長阿含遊行經註解：釋迦牟尼佛最後一年遊行教化記錄。臺北：甘露道出版社。  延伸查詢new window
25.Collins, Steven(2013)。Self and Society: Essays on Pali Literature and Social Theory 1988-2010。Chiang Mai：Silkworm Books。  new window
26.Bodhi, Bhikkhu(2012)。The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Aṅguttara Nikāya。Boston：Wisdom Publications。  new window
27.Bodhi, Bhikkhu(1999)。A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma: The Abhidhammattha Sangaha of Ācariya Anaruddha。Kandy：Buddhist Publication Society。  new window
28.Frauwallner, Erich、Kidd, Sophie Francis(1995)。Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems。State University of New York Press。  new window
29.Dhammajoti, Bhikkhu K. L.(2007)。Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma。Hong Kong：Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong。  new window
30.Cox, Collett(1995)。Disputed Dharmas: Early Buddhist Theories on Existence: An Annotated Translation of the Section on Factors Dissociated from Thought from Saṇghabhadra's Nyāyānusāra。Tokyo：The International Institute for Buddhist Studies。  new window
31.Harvey, Peter(2013)。An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices。Cambridge University Press。  new window
32.Norman, K. R.(1983)。Pāli Literature: including the Canonical Literature in Prakrit and Sanskrit of All the Hīnayāna Schools of Buddhism。Wiesbaden：Otto Harrassowitz。  new window
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36.渡邊文麿(1983)。Philosophy and Its Development in the Nikāyas and Abhidhamma。Delhi：Motilal Banarsidass。  new window
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38.釋善珠、Boin-Webb, Sara(1999)。The Literature of the Personalists of Early Buddhism。Delhi：Motilal Banarsidass。  new window
39.Nyanatiloka, Mahathera(1957)。Guide through the Abhidhamma-Pitaka: Being a Synopsis of the Philosophical Collection Belonging to the Buddhist Pali Canon。Kandy：Buddhist Publication Society。  new window
40.釋印順(1968)。說一切有部為主的論書與論師之研究。正聞出版社。new window  延伸查詢new window
41.釋印順(2000)。佛教史地考論。正聞出版社。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.Anālayo(2017)。The 'School Affiliation' of the Madhyama-āgama。Research on the Madhyama-āgama。Taipei：Dharma Drum Publishing Corporation。  new window
2.水野弘元(1966)。舍利弗阿毘曇論について。金倉博士古稀記念：印度学仏教学論集。京都：平樂寺書店。  延伸查詢new window
3.Cox, Collett(1992)。The Unbroken Treatise: Scripture and Argument in Early Buddhist Scholasticism。Innovation in Religious Traditions: Essays in the Interpretation of Religious Change。Mouton de Gruyter。  new window
4.Bodhi, Bhikkhu(1998)。Editor's Introduction。Abhidhamma Studies。Kandy：Buddhist Publication Society。  new window
5.Walser, Joseph(2016)。Abhidharma。The Buddhist World。Routledge。  new window
6.Norman, K. R.(1991)。Observations on the Dates of the Jina and the Buddha。The Dating of the Historical Buddha。Göttingen：Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht。  new window
7.平川彰(1991)。An Evaluation of the Sources on the Date of the Buddha。The Dating of the Historical Buddha。Göttingen：Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht。  new window
8.Ditrich, Tamara(2016)。Interpretations of the Terms ajjhattam and bahiddhā: From the Pāli Nikāyas to the Abhidhamma。Text, History, and Philosophy: Abhidharma across Buddhist Scholastic Traditions。Brill。  new window
 
 
 
 
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