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題名:華人的關係類型與人際義務
作者:危芷芬
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:心理學研究所
指導教授:黃光國
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2001
主題關鍵詞:關係主義人際義務積極義務消極義務自我界限回報規範relationalisminterpersonal dutiespositive dutiesnegative dutiesself regionnorm of reciprocity
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本研究所要檢驗的四組假設分別是關於:人際義務與情感因素的關連、人際義務與人際關係類型的關連、人際義務之間的衝突,以及婚姻所帶來的人際義務轉變。
為了檢驗上述假設,研究者首先將說明本研究的方法論立場。研究者認為,在探討華人的社會行為時,其焦點應當在於人際關係的影響。從方法論的立場來看,則應當採用何友暉(1991, 1998)所提出的「方法論的關係主義」,以關係而非個人作為分析的單位。
就道德議題而言,世界觀與個人的道德判斷有著密切的關連。因此,為了要理解華人社會之中的人際義務,必須先釐清該文化中有關人際關係的世界觀。研究者依據關係構成的基礎,將人際關係區分為「家庭內關係」及「家庭外關係」。前者的特徵在於互動對象與自我的不可分離性,以及關係建立和結束的非自主性;後者則是個人憑藉其自由所建立的。除了闡述這兩類關係的對比之外,研究者亦將上述理論概念與費孝通之「差序格局」、許烺光(1971)之「心理社會均衡」,以及黃光國(1988)之「人情與面子」理論模式加以比較。在第三章當中,研究者將會根據華人文化之中「大我」與「小我」的區分,以及社會認同理論的概念,說明自我與人際關係的關連性。研究者認為,華人的自我界限會隨著關係脈絡而變動。當他跟屬於「家庭內關係」的對象互動時,對方被包含在自我之中;然而,在跟屬於「家庭外關係」的對象互動時,卻會將彼此視為獨立的個體。
在第四章裡,研究者則探討回報規範在這兩種人際關係脈絡中的運作情形。研究者認為:個人與「家庭內關係」之對象的互動,並不會嚴格地遵循回報規範的原則,而是遵循雙方的角色規範。然而,在「家庭外關係」的脈絡之下,如果雙方的互動違反了回報規範,個人就有可能選擇結束關係。
研究一的目的是為了檢驗情感因素與人際義務的關連。研究者擬出一系列的故事情境,要求受試者判斷故事中的行動者是否應該協助其互動對象,以及互動對象接受幫助之後是否應給予回報。其結果顯示,如果行動者與互動對象之間屬於「家庭內關係」,無論雙方存有正向情感或負向情感,受試者對於義務感的評分大致相當;但是在「家庭外關係」的脈絡之下,受試者所評定的義務感卻會因為雙方的情感狀態而有所不同。當行動者與互動對象之間存有「正向情感」時,其義務感較高;當雙方存有「負向情感」時,其義務感較低。
研究一的第二個目標,是要檢驗回報規範在兩種關係脈絡之下的適用情形。當行動者與互動對象之間為「家庭內關係」時,無論雙方情感狀態如何,受試者都認為:接受幫助者較不需要給予回報。但是當雙方屬於「家庭外關係」時,如果彼此之間存有「正向情感」,則接受幫助者較不需要給予回報;但是彼此之間存有「負向情感」時,接受幫助者較需要給予回報。
在排除了行動者因為提供協助所負擔的損失,以及互動對象需要幫助的程度之後,如果雙方屬於「家庭外關係」,則情感與義務感的淨相關係數大多呈現顯著的正相關,而情感與回報性的淨相關係數則多數呈現顯著的負相關;相反地,如果雙方屬於「家庭內關係」,則情感與義務感、情感與回報性的淨相關係數較低。
研究二則是要檢驗積極義務和消極義務在兩種人際關係脈絡之下的重要性。研究者要求受試者評定:行動者對待七種互動對象時,違反人際義務的行為的可接受程度。從因素分析的結果來看,違反人際義務的行為可以區分為「漠不關心」和「干涉自由」,前者主要是指違反積極義務的行為,後者則違反了消極義務。當「家庭內關係」的對象表現出「漠不關心」的行為時,受試者認為較不能夠接受;如果「家庭外關係」的對象表現出上述行為,受試者較能夠接受。相對地,當「家庭外關係」的對象表現出「干涉自由」的行為時,受試者的接受程度較低;但是對於「家庭內關係」對象的相同行為,其接受程度較高。
研究三的目的在於探討人際義務衝突與關係脈絡的關連性。受試者所要判斷的是,當行動者基於關懷互動對象的幸福,而損害對方的個人權利時,其行為的正確性。研究者根據因素分析的結果,將損害個人權利的行為區分為「侵犯權利」和「限制自由」兩類。共變數分析的結果顯示,關係類型和婚姻經驗都會影響受試者的道德判斷。受試者對「家庭內關係」對象之「侵犯隱私」和「限制自由」行為所評定的正確性較高,對「家庭外關係」對象之行為所評定的正確性較低。已婚者和未婚者對「家庭內關係」對象之「侵犯隱私」的正確性評分較為接近,但是未婚者對「家庭外關係」對象之「侵犯隱私」行為的正確性評分低於已婚者。未婚和已婚受試者對「家庭外關係」之「限制自由」行為的正確性評分相當,但是已婚者對「家庭內關係」對象之「限制自由」行為的正確性評分高於未婚者。除此之外,研究者也分析了關係類型和地位差異對「限制外出」和「察看私人物品」行為之正確性評分的影響。其結果顯示:如果行動者和互動對象之間為上下關係時,則無論雙方為「家庭內關係」或「家庭外關係」,受試者的正確性評分都比較高;但是行動者和互動對象屬於平行關係時,受試者對「家庭內關係」對象的正確性評分要高於「家庭外關係」對象。
研究四則是為了要探討婚姻所帶來的自我界限擴展,以及「家庭外關係」的對象如何藉由婚姻關係而被納入「大我」之中。未婚和已婚受試者分別評定他們對自己和伴侶之「家庭內關係」對象提供協助的義務感。從變異數分析的結果來看,未婚和已婚受試者對於自己之「家庭內關係」對象的義務感相當,但是已婚受試者對伴侶之「家庭內關係」對象的義務感高於未婚受試者。整體而言,男、女受試者的義務感評分並沒有顯著的差異,但是已婚男性對自己之「家庭內關係」對象的義務感要高於未婚男性;已婚女性對自己之「家庭內關係」對象的義務感卻低於未婚女性。然而男、女已婚受試者對伴侶之「家庭內關係」對象的義務感皆高於未婚受試者。
在綜合討論當中,研究者提出:此分類架構可能無法說明收養、過繼等特殊的人際關係,也提出未來研究方向在於釐清個人權利的多元內涵,以及探討年齡與婚姻對個人帶來的角色轉變。
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