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題名:白修德(美國新聞記者暨作家)的理念與實踐(1938-1960)
作者:吳坤暉
作者(外文):Wu, Kun-huei
校院名稱:淡江大學
系所名稱:美國研究所
指導教授:李本京
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2004
主題關鍵詞:白修德意識型態普立茲獎總統大選IdeologyPultizer PrizePresidential ElectionNon-fiction
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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淡江大學論文提要(中文)
論文名稱:白修德(美國新聞記者暨作家)的理念與實踐(1938-1960) 頁數:389
校系(所)組別:淡江大學美國研究所博士班
畢業時間及提要別:九十二學年度第二學期 文學博士 學位論文提要
研究生: 吳坤暉 指導教授:李本京 博士
論文提要內容:
二次世界大戰發生前後,中國戰區彷彿是磁鐵般吸引著來自世界各地的新聞記者,他們深入各地實地採訪,將所見所聞透過各種文字報導給世人。當時的傳播科技未臻發達,大部份訊息仰賴通訊員或記者之採訪記錄,因此記者個人的特質、社會價值的傳承、專業性的反應、個人的社經背景與信仰,對報導內容的客觀性產生舉足輕重之影響。曾任我國新聞局長暨駐美代表的沈劍虹大使論及國民政府形象在抗戰勝利前後遭受兩位外國記者嚴重之破壞;其一為紅星照耀中國(Red Star Over China)的作者艾德格‧斯諾 (Edgar Snow),其二為本論文研究的主要人物白修德(Theodore H. White)。
四o年代一批充滿著理想主義的西方新聞工作者進入中國,報導中國對日抗戰的情形。這批新聞工作者中少部份人在華期間,初期接觸中國事務,都是懵懂無知的探索者,對中國的內政問題十分關注,不僅關心中國對日抗戰情勢的發展,同時也將焦點放在中國境內國共勢力的爭奪。不消時日,他們便以中國問題專家的姿態,對中國內政大肆評論,他們的言論對於中國在國際社會上的形象衝擊極大。斯諾在這股衝擊的洪流中扮演著開山始祖的角色,他在中國現代史、中美關係史、與美國新聞史中皆佔有一席之地。小斯諾十歲的白修德扮演著蕭規曹隨的角色,然而他的爭議性主要是:他對於國民政府從最初大力支持,轉變為嚴厲的批判者,他前後不一的理念主要是夾雜於個人利益、讀者利益與國家利益間的衝突。換言之,他身陷民主自由的理想主義與現實利益考量的泥沼中。
白修德視蔣介石為中國的民主英雄,認為國民政府是未來民主改革的希望,此觀點與亨利魯斯(Henry R. Luce)所領導的時代雜誌理念相當契合,白修德因此備受重用,魯斯對白修德有相見恨晚的感覺。然而這種惺惺相惜的情感卻維持短暫,白修德經由親身的觀察與接觸,逐漸對蔣介石與國民政府的印象出現負面的觀點,不信任與質疑的結果導致他由一個國民政府的支持者,轉變成中國共產黨的同情者,甚至被指為共黨同路人,他與魯斯的友好關係也因此決裂。
時代雜誌支持蔣介石主要是受到魯斯的影響,這種偏好中國的情結,直到魯斯過世後才逐漸淡化。時代雜誌當時支持國民政府的態度,不僅影響美國一般民眾對於中國政府與人民的觀點,並且也影響美國政府的對華政策。媒體對政治產生相當程度的衝擊,記者在其中則是扮演著關鍵性的角色。本論文主要在探討白修德在讀者、國共關係與美國政府之間所扮演的角色及影響力。他的思想與人格特質如何影響他處理國家利益、讀者利益、以及個人利益間的衝突。
Title of Thesis: The Ideology and Practice of Theodore H. White Total Pages:389
from 1938 to 1960
Key Word: Ideology, Pro-Chiang, Communism, Cold War, China Policy, Presidential Election, Pulitzer Prize, non-fiction, Speech Criticism
Name of Institute: Graduate Institute of American Studies, Tamkang University
Graduate date: June, 2004 Degree Conferred: Ph.D.
Name of Student: Wu, Kun-Huei Advisor: Dr. Thomas B. Lee
吳坤暉 李本京 博士
Abstract:
Theodore H. White was born in a Jewish neighborhood of Dorchester on May 6, 1915, the second child and first son of David and Mary Winkeller White. White arrived in Chungking, China in 1939 and hired by the Kuomintang’s propaganda office as a writer. He soon became disillusioned with Chiang K’ai-shek’s government, and accepted John Hersey’s offer to become a stringer for Time Magazine. White’s relationship with Henry Luce and Time soured when his story of Joseph Stilwell’s dismissal in 1944 was rewritten to reflect Time’s pro-Chiang K’ai-shek bias. White resign from Time in 1946 and wrote, with colleague Annalee Jacoby, Thunder Out of China, an uncensored account of the Kuomintang’s approaching collapse and the rise of the Communists.
At the request of Stilwell’s widow, he edited a volume of Stilwell’s personal papers published in 1948 and worked briefly as an editor for the New Republic in 1947. Labeled as too sympathetic to the Chinese Communists and left wing in the post-war climate, White was unable to find work as a foreign correspondent for any major newspaper. Finally he was hired by the Overseas News Agency, a tiny foreign news service, as their Paris correspondent in 1948.
After O.N.A. went bankrupt in 1950, White spent three more years in Paris writing free-lance for The Reporter and other magazines. Also, he wrote a book entitled Fire in the Ashes. White returned to New York in 1953 and was hired as the national correspondent for the liberal magazine The Reporter. After that, he worked for the Collier’s. He finished two novels, The Mountain Road and The View from the Fortieth Floor. White had always been fascinated by American politics and decided in 1960 to follow the presidential campaign and write a book-length analysis. The Making of the President, 1960 won the 1962 Pulitzer Prize for nonfiction.
The main intention of this dissertation is to present White’s ideology and his influence. He is one of the most important reporters in the twentieth century. His controversial role during the China Civil War provides us another perspective understanding the background of Sino-American relationship. Besides, his novels and other books illustrate his own deeper thought and ideology.
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張守慧。「意第續語的演繹與傳承」,當代。第三期,民國八十六年九月。頁一一二至一一三。
劉雲。「亨利魯斯與其雜誌王國」,自由青年。第六十七卷第三期,民國七十一年。頁四一。
魏良才。「一九二O年代後期的美國對華政策:國會、輿論及壓力團體(傳教士、商人)的影響」,美國研究。第十期,民國六十九年六月。頁一五九至一七O。
五、報紙
「七十五歲 時代誕生 冠蓋雲集」,聯合報,民國八十七年三月五日,第十九版。
「亨利魯斯夫人」,聯合報,民國七十七年一月七日,第二十二版。
林博文。「中共最感懷的美國友人─斯諾其人其事」,中國時報,民國八十九年四月五日。
II英文資料
Primary Sources
A Manuscript Sources
1. Theodore H. White Papers. Harvard University Archives. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Correspondence, Box 1-49
China & Asia Correspondent Papers, Box 50-62
European Correspondent Papers, Box 63-75
Magazine Articles & Records, Box 76-97
Books on U.S. Presidential Elections & Politics, Box 98-172
Novels, Plays, Screenplays, & Music Writings, Box 173-192
Diaries & Engagement Calendars, Box 193-202
Board, Committee, & Consultancy Records, Box 203-215
Personal Papers, Box 216-223
Printed Material, Box 224-232.
2. John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts.
Arthur M. Schlesinger Papers.
John F. Kennedy: Pre-Presidential Papers, Presidential Office Files, White House Central Subject File.
Robert F. Kennedy: Attorney General Papers. Presidential Campaign Papers.
Theodore H. White Papers.
B Books by Theodore H. White
White, Theodore H., and Annalee Jacoby. Thunder out of China. New York: William Sloane Associates, 1946.
White, Theodore H., ed. The Stillwell Papers, New York: William Sloane Associates, 1947
White, Theodore H. Fire in the Ashes. New York: William Sloane Associates, 1953.
White, Theodore H. The Mountain Road. New York: William Sloane Associates, 1958.
White, Theodore H. The View from the Fortieth Floor. New York: William Sloane Associates, 1960.
White, Theodore H. The Making of the President 1960. New York: Atheneum, 1961.
White, Theodore H. The Making of the President 1964. New York: Atheneum, 1965.
White, Theodore H. Caesar at the Rubicon: A Play about Politics. New York: Atheneum, 1968.
White, Theodore H. The Making of the President 1968. New York: Atheneum, 1969.
White, Theodore H. The Making of the President 1972. New York: Atheneum, 1973.
White, Theodore H. Breach of Faith: The Fall of Richard Nixon. New York: Atheneum/Reader’s Digest Press, 1975.
White, Theodore H. In Search of History. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.
White, Theodore H. America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President 1956-1980. New York: Harper & Row, 1982.
Secondary Sources
A Interview
“Correspondence with Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.” by Kun-Huei Wu. August 21, 2003.
“An Interview with Ronald Suleski” conducted by Kun-huei Wu. Cambridge: August 26, 2003.
“An Inteview with James K. M. Cheng” conducted by Kun-Huei Wu. Cambrige: August 27, 2003.
“An Interview with John H. Roberts” conducted by Kun-Huei Wu. Boston: August 28, 2003.
B Books
Alley, Rewi. Six Americans in China. Bejing: Intercul, 1985.
Ansolabehere, S. & Iyengar, S., Going Negative: How Political Advertisements Shrink and Polarize the Electorate. NY: The Free Press, 1997.
Aronson, James. The Press and the Cold War. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.
Auletta, Ken. Three Blind Mice: How the TV Networks Lost Their Way. New York: Random House, 1991.
Barnouw, Erik. Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.
Baughman, James L. Henry Luce and the Rise of the American News Media. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987.
Bernard Berelson, Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1952.
Billington, Ray Allen. The American Frontier. Washington, D.C.: AHA, 1971.
Blumler, J. Television in Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
Brinkley, Alan. Liberalism and Its Discontents. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Burnham, Walter Dean. Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics. New York: Norton, 1970.
Chafe, William H. The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Chester, Lewis, Hodgson, Godfrey, and Page, Bruce. An American Melodrama. New York: Viking Press, 1969.
Cohen, Paul A. and Merle Goldman, eds. Fairbank Remembered. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992.
Christopher, Jespersen, T. American Image of China, 1931-1949. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1996.
Cronkite, Walter. A Reporter’s Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.
Crouse, Timothy. The Boys on the Bus. New York: Ballantine Books, 1973.
Ceaser, James W. Presidential Selection: Theory and Development. Princetion: Princetion University Press, 1979.
Chambres, Milton Nisbet, and Burnham, Walter Dean, eds.. The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Dallek, Robert. The American Style of Foreign Policy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983.
Davis, Richard. The Press and American Politics---The New Mediator. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.,     
Downey, Fairfax. Richard Harding Davis, His Day. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933.
Deng, Peng. China’s Crisis and Revolution Through American Lenses 1944-1949. Lanham: University Press of America, 1994.
Elliott, Osborn. The World of Oz. New York: Viking Press, 1980.
Elson, Robert T. The World of Time, Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise. New York: Atheneum, 1968.
Emery, Michael C., and Emery, Edwin. The Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media. 7th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1992.
Fairbank, John K. China: A New History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992.
______________. Chinabound. A Fifty-Year Memoir. New York: Harper & Row, 1982.
______________. China Watch. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987.
______________. China Perceived: Images and Politics in Chinese-American Relations. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974.
______________. The United States and China. 4th ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979.
Feis, Herberet. The China Tangle: The American Effort in China form Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission. Princeton University Press, 1953.
Galbraith, John Kenneth. The Affluent Society. Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1958.
Gilbert, R. Television and Presidential Politics. MA: Christopher Publishing House, 1972.
Gitlin, Todd. The Sixties. New York: Bantam, 1987. Rev. trade ed. New York: Bantam, 1993.
Glazer, Nathan. American Judaism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
Glazer, Nathan and Patrick, Daniel Moynihan. Beyond the Melting Pot. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970.
Goodwin, Richard. Remembering America. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988.
Graber, Doris A. Mass Media and American Politics. Washington D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1980.
Griffith, Thomas. Harry and Teddy. New York: Random House, 1995
Grillo, R. D. Pluralism and the Politics of Difference. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Halberstam, David. The Powers That Be. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.
______________. The Best and the Brightest. New York: Random House, 1969.
Havigburst, A. F. Twentieth Century Britain. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1966.
Herzstein, Robert E. Henry R. Luce: A Political Portrait of the Man Who Created the American Century. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1994.
Hodgson, Godfrey. America in Our Time. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1976.
Hoff, Joan. Nixon Reconsidered. New York: Basic Books, 1994.
Hoffman, Joyce. Theodore H. White and Journalism as Illusion. Missouri: University of Missouri, 1995.
Irish, Marian D. and Frank, Elke. U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1975.
Jespersen, T. Christopher. American Images of China 1931-1949. Stanford University Press, 1996.
Kaid, L and Nimo, D. New Perspective on Political Advertising. S. Illinois University Press, 1986.
Kearns, Doris. Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.
Kendrick, Alexander. Prime Time: The Life of Edward R. Murrow. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969.
Kobler, John. Luce: His Time, Life, and Fortune. The New Yorker Magazine, 1963.
Ladd, Everett Carll, and Hadley, Charles D.. Transformations of the American Party System. 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1978.
Latourette, K.S. The History of Early Relationship Between the United States and China 1784-1884.
Lattimore, Owen. China Memoirs: Chiang Kai-shek and the War against Japan. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1990.
Lasky, Victor. JFK: The Man and the Myth. New York: Macmillan, 1963.
Lengle, James, and Shafer, Byron E., eds. Presidential Politics: Readings on Nominations and Elections. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980.
Light, Paul. The President’s Agenda. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1982.
Linsky, Martin. Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking. New York: W. W. Norton Co., 1986.
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Riesman, David. Education and Politics at Harvard. New York: McGraw Hill, 1975.
Mackinnon, Stephen R., and Friesen, Otis, eds. China Reporting: An Oral History of American Journalism in the 1930s and 1940s. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1987.
Manchester, William. The Death of a President. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Martin, Ralph G. Henry and Clare: An Intimate Portrait of the Luces. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1991.
McDonald, Forrest. The American Presidency: An Intellectual History. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1994.
McGinniss, Joe. The Selling of the President 1968. New York: Trident Press, 1969.
Miller, Merle. Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman. New York: Berkley Publishing House, 1974.
Milkis, Sidney, and Nelson, Michael. The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 1776-1990. Washington: CQ Press, 1990.
Mills, C. Wright. The Causes of World War III. Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharp,Inc., 1958.
Morton, Marian J. The Terrors of Ideological Politics. Cleveland: The Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1972.
Neils, Patircia. China Images in the Life and Times of Henry Luce. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1990.
Neustadt, Richard. Presidential Power. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976.
Nevins, Allan and Commager, Henry Steele. A Short History of the United States. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966.
Nie, N., Vebra, S., & Petrcik, J. The Changing American Voter. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979.
North, Robert C. Moscow and the Chinese Communists. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1953.
Pogue, Forrest C. George C. Marshall: Education of a General, 1880-1939. New York: The Viking Press, 1963.
Polsby, Nelson W. Consequence of Party Reform. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Polsby, Nelson W., and Wildavsky, Aaron. Presidential Politics. 6th ed. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1980.
Prendergast, Curtis, with Colvin, Jeffrey. The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise. Vol. 3, 1960-1980. New York: Atheneum, 1986.
Rossiter, Clinton. The American Presidency. 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1960.
Rivers, William L. The Opinionmakers. Boston: Beacon Press, 1965.
Rossiter, Clinton. The American Presidency. New York: Harcourt Brace and World Inc., 1960.
Rosten, Leo C. The Washington Correspondents. New York: Harcout, Brace, 1937.
Salinger, Pierre. With Kennedy. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966.
Schaller, Michael. The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.
Schell, Jonathan. The Time of Illusion. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. A Thousand Days. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978.
_____________________ History of American Presidential Elections, 1960-1968. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985.
_____________________. The Imperial Presidency. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973.
Service, John S. The Amerasia Papers. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1971.
Shewmaker, Kenneth. Americans and Chinese Communists, 1927-1945: A Persuading Encounter. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1971.
Sorenson, Theodore C. Kennedy. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
Spainer, John. American Foreign Policy Since World War II. Washington D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1988.
Spence, Jonathan. The Search for Modern China. New York: W. W. Norton Co., 1990.
Steele, A. T. The American People and China. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1966.
Steinberg, Stephen. The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America. Boston: Beacon Press. 1982.
Swanberg, W. A. Luce and His Empire. New York: Scribner, 1972.
Teachout, Terry ed. Ghosts on the Roof. Washington, D. C.: Regnery Gateway, 1989.
Thonssen, Lester. Speech Criticism 2nd. New York: Ronald Press, 1970.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945.
Tuchman, Barbara W. Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-1945. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
Walter Lippman. Public Opinion. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1922.
William, William Appleman. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. Cleveland: The World Publishing Co., 1959.
C Periodicals
Beck, Kent M. “What was Liberalism in the 1950s?” Political Science Quarterly, Vol.102. No.2( Summer 1987),233-258.
Bernstein, Thomas P. “Stalinism, Famine, and Chinese Peasants: Grain Procurements during the Great Leap Forward” Theory and Society, Vol.13. No.3( May 1984), 339-377.
Bose, Sugata. “Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin” Modern Asian Studies, Vol.24. No.4( Oct 1990), 699-727.
Buckley, William F. “ Project White” National Review( Jul. 28, 1964), 634-635.
Christopher, Warren. “America’s Leadership, America’s Opportunity” Foreign Policy, No.98( Winter, 1995)
Farmer, Edward L. “From Admiration to Confrontation: Six Decades of American Reporting about China” Media Studies Journal, Vol.13, No.1(Winter 1999), 136-143.
Fleming, D. F. “Is Coexistence with Communism Impractical” The Western Political Quarterly, Vol.6. No.3( Sep. 1953), 421-445.
Hung, Chang Tai. “Paper Bullets: Fan Changjiang and New Journalism in Wartime China” Modern China, Vol.17. No.4( Oct. 1991), 427-468.
Kahan, Arcadius. “Economic Opportunities and Some Pilgrims’ Progress: Jewish Immigrants from Eastern Europe in the U.S., 1890-1914” The Journal of Economic History, Vol.38. No.1( Mar 1978), 223-254.
Neils, Patricia. “American Images of China in the Early Life and Times of Henry Luce” Asian Culture Quarterly, Vol.20. No.2( Spring 1981), 23-35.
___________. “Henry R. Luce and American Images of China” Tamkang Journal of American Studies, Vol.II. No.3( Spring 1986), 17-39.
___________. “The Impact of American Missionaries on U.S. Policy Toward China” A Quest for Ethics in Diplomacy, 1989,27-48.
___________. “T. H. White in Search of China” Tamkang Journal of American Studies, Vol.V. No.3( Spring 1989), 5-27.
O’Reilly, Kenneeth. “The FBI and the Civil Rights Movement during the Kennedy Years─from the Freedom Rides to Albany” The Journal of Southern History, Vol.54. No.2( May 1988), 201-232.
_______________. “The FBI and the Politics of the Riots, 1964-1968” The Journal of American History, Vol.75. No.1( Jun 1988), 91-114.
Potter, Allen. “The American Governing Class” The British Journal of Sociology, Vol.13. No.4( Dec. 1962), 309-319.
Shewmaker, Kenneth E. “The Agrarian Reformer Myth” China Quarterly, Vol.O. No.34( Jun 1968), 66-81.
Trimarchi, A.G. “Henry R. Luce: Reflections of a Realist” Tamkang Journal of American Studies, Vol.VI. No.3( Spring 1990), 29-34.
Williams, T. Harry. “Huey, Lyndon, and Southern Radicalism” The Journal of American History, Vol. 60. No.2( Sep. 1973), 267-293.
Young, Kenneth Ray. “The Stilwell Controversy: A Bibliographical Review” Military Affairs, Vol.39. No.2( April 1975), 66-68.
D Magazine and Newspaper Articles
Adler, Jerry. “ The Man Behind the Scenes” Newsweek. May 26, 1986.
“A President is Baptized” Time. November 3, 1930.
Atkinson, Brooks. “Stilwell Recall Bares Rift with Chiang” The New York Times. October 31, 1944.
Baker, Russell. “Highlight and Chronology of the Nominating Sessions of the Democratic Convention” The New York Times. July 14, 1960.
Broder, David. “ Theodore H. White” Boston Globe. May 22, 1986.
“Chinese Censorship and the Foreign Press” Amersia. March 3, 1944.
“Eagles in Shansi” Time. December 18, 1939.
Evan Thomas. “ A Reporter in Search of History” Time, May 26, 1986.
Fairbank, John King. “Stilwell and Chiang Kai-shek” The Nation. May 29, 1948.
Lehmann, Christopher. “ The View From Way Up There” The New York Times. July 23, 196.
Luce, Henry R. “The American Century” Life. Feb. 14, 1941.
“The Army Nobody Knows” Time. June 16, 1941.
“The Lingering Death of Life” Newsweek. December 18, 1972.
Thomas, Evan. “ A Reporter in Search of History” New York Times. May 17, 1986.
Rovere, Richard. “Thrice Removed & Over the Shoulder” The New Yorker. July 22, 1961.
Rolo, Charles. “ Reader’s Choice” The Atlantic. June 1948.
Watts, Richard Jr. “A Key to China─Clear, Frank and Combative” The New York Herald Tribune. October 27, 1946.
White, Theodore H. “The Ludlow Amendment: A Force for Peace” Michigan Daily. July 23, 1938.
_______________. “From a Bostonian in Plestine” The Boston Globe. December 12, 1938.
_______________. “Life Looks at China” Life. December 18, 1944.
_______________. “Chiang Kai-Shek,” Life. March 2, 1942.
_______________.” Freedom of the Press” The New York Times Magazine. Nov. 26, 1978.
_______________. “One Wished for a Cry, a Sob…Any Human Sound” Life. November 29, 1963.
________________. “David Bruce---Number One American in Europe” The New York Times Magazine. Dec. 21, 1952.
________________. “ For President Kennedy: An Epilogue” Life, Dec. 6, 1963.
________________. “ China: Burnout of a Revolution” Time, Sep. 26, 1983.
________________. “The Danger From Japan” The New York Times Magazine. July 28, 1985.
________________. “ Why the Jailing of Farber Terrifies Me?” The New York Times Magazine. Nov. 26, 1978.
________________. “ Chartmakers for Our Demanding Future” Life, June 23, 1967.
________________. “Journey Back to Another China” Life, July 17, 1972.
Yoder, Edwin. “ Plutarch on a Campaign Bus” U. S. News & World Report. May 26, 1986.
E Government Publication
Department of State. Foreign Relation of United States 1946 Vol. 8. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972.
Department of State. Foreign Relation of United States 1946 Vol. 9. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972.
Department of State. Foreign Relation of United States 1946 Vol. 10. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972.
 
 
 
 
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