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題名:大學設計系學生問題解決模式之研究
作者:高新發
作者(外文):Shin-Fa Kao
校院名稱:雲林科技大學
系所名稱:設計學研究所博士班
指導教授:嚴貞
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:問題解決問題解決動態模式問題解決螺旋專題製作創意發展creativity developmentgraduate projectproblem-solvingthe dynamic problem-solving model.problem-solving spiral
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近年來政府大力推動文化創意產業,創意設計已成為各產業發展的方向,問題解決能力更是職場競爭力的重要關鍵。然而「問題解決」被心理學者視為複雜且高度結構化的心智活動歷程,必須協調視覺、關聯、抽象、理解、操作、推理、分析、綜合與類化等各歷程,方能順利解決問題;因此如何培養學生的問題解決能力,實為設計教育的重要課題。
本研究之目的為探究大學設計系學生之創造思考與問題解決的歷程,建構設計教育理想的問題解決模式,以幫助學生在創意發展的過程中,適時地找出問題並採取有效的解決方法,提高學習效率,增強問題解決的能力。
研究者利用觀察法、深度訪談、問卷調查以及紮根理論之編碼分析等方法,針對學生、課程、教師等三個構面進行研究,所得結果如下:
1. 針對「學生」構面的研究發現,專題製作的問題解決,共分為9個面向。
2. 學生常遭遇的問題依序為「情緒管理與時間管理不佳」、「無法掌握設計方向」、「操作技能不足」。
3. 學生最常用的解決方法依序為「參考相關作品」、「與同學討論」、「搜尋網路資源」、「請教老師」、「自行摸索」、「自我調適」。
4. 男生各項能力較弱且遭遇的問題較多,女生則較會解決問題;女生常採用「與人溝通」的方法來解決問題,而男生則喜歡「自行」解決問題。
5. 「創意設計類」所遭遇的問題比率最高,使用的解決方法也最多,是最具挑戰性的類組。
6. 學生激發創意解決問題的策略方法共12項,以「增廣見聞」、「熟能生巧」最受學生常用。
7. 針對「課程」構面的研究發現,專題製作是典型的問題本位學習課程,能增進學生創意發展、問題解決、培養多元能力,提升就業能力。
8. 專題製作的問題解決可分3個階段共有9個步驟,且為反覆修正逐漸聚焦的歷程,本研究特將此歷程稱為「問題解決螺旋」。
9. 專題製作的「問題解決螺旋」歷程偶會出現「局部螺旋」與「跳躍現象」。
10. 本研究據此概念建構出「問題解決模式雛形」,經文獻比較證實符合方法學原理並具實用取向。
11. 針對「教師」構面的研究發現,專題製作的問題解決共含34項特性,可歸納為7個範疇,並可與「學生」與「課程」兩構面的研究結果相互印證。
12. 教師們檢視專題製作的問題解決歷程,發現各個步驟都是先進行擴散思考,再進行聚歛思考。
13. 專題製作的問題解決歷程分為3階段包含9個步驟:確認方向(面對問題、收集資料、確定主題與媒材)、發展創意(產生構想、畫成粗稿、修正定案)、實踐展示(執行製作、提報展示、回饋建議);另外還有任務評估、尋求資源兩項,在整個過程中視需要隨時進行。
14. 本研究根據以上研究結果建構出專題製作「問題解決動態模式」,將歷程分為「確認方向」、「發展創意」、「實踐展示」3個階段,以及「任務評估」、「尋求資源」等共5部分;此模式(如圖5-3)具彈性的發展歷程,能呈現問題解決的循環反覆、去蕪存菁、逐漸聚焦等特性,動態架構能配合個別差異適性學習,並有助於設計者掌握創意的發展過程。
15. 最後進行文獻比較,確立「問題解決動態模式」之合理性與適用性。
本研究建構之「問題解決動態模式」可以說明專題製作的創意發展與問題解決過程,並符合學理論證與國內的設計教育的需求,可作為規劃設計系課程、實施專題製作教學、培養問題解決能力、提升設計創意競爭力的重要基礎。
最後,研究者綜合以上的成果提出結論與建議,供設計系師生及後續研究者參考。
In recent years, because the government in Taiwan has been extensively promoting cultural and creative industries, creativity design has become the main development pursued by different kinds of industries. The process of design development itself is the process of problem solving, so the ability to solve problems becomes the key element in working. However, problem-solving is regarded as a complex and highly structured mental process by psychologists. Coordination among vision, connection, abstraction, understanding, heuristic, operation, reasoning, analysis, comprehension, and analogy is vital to solve problems. The main focus is on how we are going to cultivate students’ ability in solving problems and it is a vital subject for the education of design.
The purpose of the research is to explore the process of developing creativity and ways to solve problems applied by students of the Department of Design, to construct an ideal problem-solving model for the education of design, and to help students find out effective solutions to their problems, to raise efficiency of learning, and to reinforce their problem-solving ability. The researcher applied methods of the following like observation, in-depth interviews, questionnaire surveys, and grounded theory, and so on. The study carried out probes into three aspects including the students, the course, and the instructors and thus concludes as follows:
(1) There are twelve strategies commonly used to solve problems in developing creativity.
(2) There are nine aspects of problems to be solved in doing “graduate project”.
(3) The problems generally confronted by student are put in order as: “bad control of emotion and time”, “incapability of grasp the contents of their design”, and “insufficient skill background”.
(4) The methods for solving problems mostly applied by students are ranked as “references from related works”, “discussion with peer students”, “searching for cyber resources”, “consultation with teachers”, “working alone”, and “self-adaptation to the situation”.
(5) Being incapable of solving problems and thus puzzled by them for male students will be more often than for female ones. It is easier for female students to solve their problems often through communicating with others. Male students, on the opposite, apt to work alone.
(6) Students of Creativity Design category will confront more problems than those of the other categories. And the ways they use to solve problems are also of greater variety and more challenging.
(7) Graduate project is a typical course of problem-based learning which increases students’ abilities in developing creativity and problem solving, and also can cultivate their abilities of diversity and rates of employment.
(8) To solve problems for graduate project is a process of repeated revision and gradual focus. In this study, the process is specifically called problem-solving spiral
(9) The process of problem-solving spiral will occasionally appear to be “partially spiral” and “skipping phenomena.”
(10) According to the “problem-solving spiral” concept, the researcher constructs the so-called “prototype of problem-solving model” to pave the way for further development and literature reviewed to prove it is correspondent to theory of methodology and is thus practical.
(11) There are total 34 features for the problem to be solved of graduate project. They can fit into 7 categories.
(12) In the problem-solving steps of graduate project, divergent thinking is developed first, and then followed by convergent thinking.
(13) The problem-solving process of graduate project are divided into nine steps in three stages they are: setting up the goals (facing problems, collecting data, and selecting topics and media), developing creativity (generating ideas, drawing rough draft, and revising and making the proposal), executing display (executing the project, reporting the display, and getting suggestions from the feedback.) In addition, there are evaluation of assignment and seeking for resources. These two extra tasks will be processed if needed.
(14) The researcher here would like to propose “the dynamic problem-solving model”. The model allocate to its different tasks into three stages including “setting up the goals”, “developing creativity”, “executing display,” plus “evaluating assignment “and “seeking for resources” to make total five parts.
(15) The final step is to make comparison of literatures and further to ensure the credibility and adaptability of “the dynamic problem-solving model” of graduate project.
“The dynamic problem-solving model” of graduate project developed in this study not only can explicitly explain the development of creativity and problem-solving process of graduate project, but also can build the foundation of planning courses for the design related departments, implementing teaching of graduate project, cultivating students’ ability to solve problems, promoting capability in designing and developing creativity after a careful comparison of literature review and thus proves it is theoretically more suitable for the need of design education in Taiwan.
At last, the researcher combines the results of the above and proposes conclusion and suggestion for reference to teachers and students of design related departments and the followers.
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