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題名:早期生命經驗對犯罪發展與變化之影響
作者:葉碧翠
作者(外文):YEH, PI-TSUI
校院名稱:中央警察大學
系所名稱:犯罪防治研究所
指導教授:許春金
陳玉書
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2019
主題關鍵詞:早期生命經驗非正式社會控制犯罪發展與變化中止犯持續犯犯罪生涯early life experiencesinformal social controlcrime development and changedesisterspersistent offenderscriminal career
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早期生命經驗及偏差行為對於犯罪發展與變化之影響,為發展犯罪學亟欲解開的謎題,亦是犯罪預防及刑事司法體系重要之課題。本研究以非正式社會控制及發展犯罪學理論為基礎,採取縱貫性研究方法,以1996-1998年「少年偏差行為早年預測之研究」連續3年調查資料為主,研究對象包括807名受訪者,根據1996年樣本分組含392名受保護管束少年(犯罪組)及415名一般國中少年(一般組),至2017年9月止進行長達22年追蹤調查。主要目的包括分析國內少年至成年犯罪發展與變化,觀察結構變項及早期生命經驗與少年至成年有無犯罪之關係,分析早期生命經驗如何影響從少年、青年至成年中期之犯罪穩定性與變化,並檢驗發展犯罪學理論的解釋力。
研究主要發現包含:(1)犯罪組與一般組的犯罪變化分布情形,犯罪組犯罪次數較多、初犯年齡較早、犯罪類型多為竊盜及毒品罪,且犯罪生涯較長。(2)以22年間遭警察逮捕之次數及頻率,將樣本區分為無犯罪紀錄者354人(43.87%)、中止犯201人(24.91%)、間歇犯132人(16.35%)及持續犯120人(占14.87%);其中犯罪次數20次以上54人為核心犯罪者,占總樣本6.69%;犯下1,984件罪行;占總樣本51.21%,符合犯罪集中性。(3)在453名有犯罪紀錄者中,初犯年齡在14歲以下者為早發犯,有較長之犯罪生涯及較多犯罪次數,其犯罪行為具有延續性。(4)整體犯罪年齡曲線不受性別因素影響,以少年中期(14至17歲)為犯罪最高峰,除了20至21歲因入伍當兵急劇下降外,之後隨著年齡增長而逐漸趨緩。因此,犯罪與年齡關係具有不變性,而不同犯罪生涯型態及各犯罪類型之犯罪年齡曲線則具有獨特性。
早期生命經驗之影響方面,在人生各階段中,家庭及學校影響因子不容忽視;低自我控制對於青少年及成年時期具有穩定且持續之影響力。同儕因子及生活型態對犯罪影響,尤以少年時期為盛;且早期自陳偏差或犯罪行為可預測成年犯罪。另在犯罪發展與變化之影響因素分析結果,學校、同儕、遊樂型生活型態及早期自陳偏差等負向因子對犯罪發展之關聯性較大,其中又以遊樂型生活型態為犯罪發展的重要影響因子;但家庭、學校、同儕、傳統型生活型態等因子對犯罪變化及防止再犯仍扮演關鍵角色。最後,本研究針對分析結果提出相關建議,以供建立有效犯罪發展解釋模式和預防策略之參考。
The impacts on the early life experience and deviant behaviors on the criminal development and change are the puzzles that developmental criminologists intend to unravel. It is also an important issue for crime prevention and criminal justice system. The study adopts a longitudinal research method based on the informal social control theory and developmental criminology. The data are based on the survey “Early Years Prediction of Juvenile Delinquent Behavior” in Taiwan from 1996 to 1998. The research samples are 807. Based on the classification of the beginning of the 1996 study, the study divides participants into 392 delinquents (criminal group), individuals in this group receive protective custody (criminal groups) and 415 junior high school students (general group). The study has tracked as long as 22 years from 1996 to the end of September 2017. The purpose of the study intends to analyze the developments and changes of crime participants had conducted from adolescence to adulthood in Taiwan, observe the relationship among structural variables, early life experiences and crimes conducted from adolescence to adulthood. The study also analyzes how early life experiences affect the stability and change of crime from adolescence to adulthood, and test the explanatory power of developmental theories.
The study finds: (1) in terms of crime distribution of crime in between two groups vary greatly. Individuals in criminal group committed more crimes, committed crime at early age, committed more theft and drug crime; (2) According to the number and frequency of police arrests in 22 years. There were 354 people without criminal records (43.87%), 201 people were desistance (24.91%), 132 people were intermittent offenders (16.35%), and 120 people were persistent offenders (14.87%). Fifty-four of the 120 persistent offenders in the samples are core criminals, which accounts for 6.69 total samples. These criminals have committed at least 20 crimes in the 22-year follow-up study. They had committed 1,984 criminal cases that occupies 51.21% of the total criminal cases. That meet with the "crime concentration." (3) Among the 453 people with criminal records, offenders committed the first-time crime under the age of 14 are early-onset offenders, and they have had a longer criminal career and committed more crimes. Their criminal behaviors are continuity. (4) The overall age-crime curve is not affected by gender factors. The crimes committed by the middle of the juvenile (14 to 17 years old) reach the crime peak and fallen sharply from 20 to 22-year-old participants. The reason the age-crime curve fallen sharply is because they do the military service. Afterward, the age-crime curve gradually slow down with age. Therefore, the relationship between crime and age is invariable. The crime age curve of different criminal career type and crime type are unique.
With the impact of early life experience, family and school influential factors cannot be ignored in all stages of life. Low self-control has a stable and sustained impact on adolescents and adulthood. The highly influences of peer factors and lifestyle on crime, especially in adolescence. Early self-reported delinquency or criminal behaviors can predict crime committed in adulthood. In addition, the analyses of the influencing factors of crime development and change, the negative factors such as school, peers, leisure lifestyle and early self-reported delinquency are highly correlation to the crime development. Among them, leisure lifestyle is an important factor. However, factors such as family, school, peers, and traditional lifestyles still play a key role in crime changes and prevention of recidivism. Finally, this study provides eight suggestions based on the analysis conducted in this research to establish an effective explanatory model of crime development and strategies for crime prevention.
一、中文書目
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何明晃. (2006)。非行少年之人格特質-父母管教態度與其逃家行為之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立文化大學,臺北市。
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