A close reading of the Confucian Classic Zhong Yong or On the Doctrine of the Mean reveals that its central concept cheng (ch'eng), which has commonly been translated as sincerity but would certainly fare better otherwise, perhaps with a freshly coined noun "realness," has ramifications pertaining to three different spheres of reality: the religious or numinous, the sphere of the Way of Heaven, and that of human moral practice. I would argue in this paper that it is this second sense of the word, rather than the third one, that could provide a most satisfactory reading for the famous passage about the relationship between language and reality xiuci li qi cheng of Wenyan, one of the Documents in the Book of Change. With this and other examples I show how Neo-Confucian scholars of the Song Dynasty tended to misread even the basic Confucian Classics as they, because, making no effort to set high standards in philological discipline for themselves, always inadvertently interpreted the Classics in terms of later metaphysis.