作為佛教的輸入地，漢傳佛教在思想上承續、發揮了大乘慧學的傳統，但在制方面，由於種種先天及後天的限制，對於如何實踐或處理印度傳來的戒律，向來就存在著許多問題。自古雖有戒律改革的嘗試，但都沒有革命性的突破，因此印順法師曾慨嘆漢傳佛教律制的失敗。二十世紀初，中國帝王制度瓦解，共和制度建立，律制改革出現全新的契機。太虛大師提出「教制革命』」的構想，印順法帥則對龍樹菩薩未能實現「建立菩薩僧團」的理想，表達了沈痛的遺憾。印順法師的這一見解，在解嚴後的臺灣佛教，開始出現幾個具體回應的例子。「現代菩薩僧團」在創設之初，即標舉「菩薩僧團」之名，制定明文的團體律制《宗門規矩》，並對漢傳佛教的戒律問題作根本性的反省與改革，可視為漢傳佛教教制革命的新嘗試。 本文首先說明「菩薩僧團」概念的由來，及其在佛教戒律觀問題中的創新意涵，以呈現現代禪的戒律觀的歷史意義。 其次正述現代禪的戒律觀，包括：（一）將印度古老戒律束之高閣；（二）戒律與現代價值結合；（三）新時代的戒：開放心靈與履行責任義務；（四）僧俗平等；（五）現代禪的律制：《宗門規矩》；（六）以修證之道統攝戒律：「十三道次第」皆戒；（七）新律制生活的實踐：象山修行社區。 結語，現代禪誕生於解嚴後的臺灣。開放多元的社會環境，為漢傳佛教的戒律改革提供了新的可能性。至於它實際可能帶來的後續影響，則尚待歷史的檢驗。

As a religion introduced from abroad, Chinese Buddhism in doctrine inherits and further expands the traditions of Mahayana philosophy. However, there had always been many problems concerning how to practice and deal with “vinaya” from India, where Buddhism originated, due to many original restrictions and subsequent limitation. Traditionally, there had been attempts to reform the religious discipline, but no revolutionary breakthrough had ever been achieved. Therefore, Master Yin-sun expressed his frustration toward the failed system of Chinese Buddhism. The dawn of the 20th century provided a new opportunity for religious reforms because of the collapse of Chinese imperialism and the establishment of the modern Republic of China. Master Tai-shi, the most influential Buddhism reformer in recent Chinese history, bought up the idea of “Reformation Theory of the system of Buddhist Hierarchy.” Master Yin-sun voiced his deep regret over the fact that Nagajuna couldn’t realize the ideal of establishing “Mahayana Bodhisattva Sangha”. Master Yin-sun’s opinion was echoed by several constructive examples in the Buddhism community after martial law was lifted in Taiwan. In the beginning, “Mahayana Bodhisattva Sangha as Modern Zen Society” stipulated a code of conduct, called “Zhong Meng Gui Zhui” or House rules of the Modern Zen Society, at the behest of Mahayana Bodhisattva Sangha. Moreover, it also launched fundamental re-evaluation and reform of Chinese Buddhism. This can be seen as a new chapter for the reform of Chinese Buddhism. This thesis will first explain the origin of “Mahayana Bodhisattva Sangha” and its innovative role in Buddhist discipline to show the historical meaning of Modern Zen Society and its discipline. Next, the thesis will elaborate on the views of Buddhist discipline of Modern Zen Society, including: (1) Shelve the ancient Indian discipline; (2) Combine discipline and modern values; (3) Discipline of the new era: open-mindedness and duty fulfillment; (4) Equality between lay Buddhists and monks; (5) The discipline of Modern Zen Society: House rules of the Modern Zen Society (Zhong Meng Gui Zhui); (6) Discipline through practice: 13-level disciplines: (7) Live and practice the new principles: Practitioners’ Community. In conclusion, Modern Zen Society has emerged in the post-martial law era of Taiwan. A more diversified society today has provided new possibilities for the reform of Chinese Buddhism and its discipline. How powerful its future impacts will be depends on whether it can stand the test of time.