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題名:歌子戲載體【七字調】(歌謠)之探討
書刊名:戲曲學報
作者:游素凰 引用關係
作者(外文):Yu, Su-huang
出版日期:2015
卷期:13
頁次:頁1-44
主題關鍵詞:載體歌謠七字調曲牌建構八律詞情聲情CarryBalladSeven-word tuneEight rules for the tune to which songs are composedLyric affectionSound affection
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歌子戲誕生於臺灣,已有百餘年歷史,是臺灣土生土長的地方戲曲劇種。其以閩南鄉間歌謠、小調與車鼓戲弄為基礎,融合臺灣風土民情、思想文化而漸次成長茁壯,乃至蓬勃的發展。歌唱是歌子戲的主要表現方式,唱「歌子」是其基本主體。從「歌子」的清唱、坐唱、行歌互答、歌子陣、落地掃,以至小戲過渡到大戲的老歌子戲,及至為大戲而經野臺、內臺、廣播、電視、電影時期,乃至現代劇場歌子戲等,其所唱之「歌子」,承載著百餘年的歌子戲發展歲月。歌子戲的「歌子」, 數量與種類龐雜, 如【七字調】、【雜唸調】、【背思】、【江湖調】、【都馬調】、【哭調】、【走路調】、【吟詩調】、【串調】、【慢頭】、【乞食調】、【五更鼓】等歌謠、小調,今又加入更多新創編曲調,實不勝枚舉。然而其初期重要之基本曲調實為【七字調】,也是其主要曲調。【七字調】早期稱之為【七字子】,以歌謠為其載體。這種載體的形式,以七個字為一句,四句構成一葩 (即:一首) 歌,也就成為一首具語言旋律可供歌唱的【七字調】。此四句歌詞,各句七個字之音節形式為:2、2、2、1。兩句各成一對上、下句,上句押「仄」聲,下句押「平」聲。歌詞句句押韻情形十分普遍,此屬「正格」形式;亦偶有第三句不押,或一、三句不押,或各句均不押韻的「變格」形式,此乃民間藝人尚未能運用韻文學嚴謹之體製規律所致。因此,就【七字調】歌詞之語言內在質素而言,僅具備曾師所謂「戲曲歌樂」建構完成的「曲牌建構八律」中之「正字律」、「正句律」與「協韻律」,而「長短律」、「平仄聲調律」、「句中音節單雙律」、「對偶律」及「詞句語法特殊結構律」等尚未具備。故【七字調】之制約性很寬鬆,其語言旋律所產生之音樂,就顯粗俗而非精緻。唱詞的語言本身,富含意義情趣與思想情感,稱作「詞情」;且具喜怒哀樂等音樂性的語言旋律,稱為「聲情」。二者,須互相融合,且相得益彰。在此基礎之上,作曲者順應歌詞之「聲情」度曲,譜曲之際同時彰顯其「詞情」,再搭配器樂烘托詮釋歌詞。最後,由演員以其「音色」、「口法」、「行腔」,依其個人之技藝修為與對歌詞意義情境思想之體悟,融會運轉用歌聲表達呈現,此為戲曲「歌樂」之最終完成,即演員之「唱腔」。因此,【七字調】若由相同歌者、唱不同唱詞,因其「聲情」不同,而產生不一樣的「唱腔」;若相同腳色、相同歌詞,由不同的演員歌唱,因其「音色」、「口法」、「行腔」、「技藝修為」,及「對歌詞意義情境思想之體悟」有別,也會產生不同的「唱腔」;如不同腳色、相同歌詞,由相同的演員歌唱,則因腳色所用聲音之「口法」有別,其「唱腔」亦有所異;而若不同腳色、不同演員,演唱相同歌詞,當然其「唱腔」之差異性最大。因此,歌者演唱【七字調】,可自由發揮空間很大,能夠運用其修為,無拘束的歌唱,暢其所能發揮之。於是,人人所唱之【七字調】不同,所產生的【七字調】曲調,數量自是繁多。由此可見,【七字調】不是精緻的歌曲,其制約性寬鬆,以致可變化之因素很多,這就是【七字調】之靈活多變特質。此一特質,其實正是民間所有歌謠共同擁有之質性。因此,田野採集者實不能以單一的田野採集樣本,作為學術研究標的,那將會產生偏差、令人堪憂的研究成果。究其原因,即是不明白類似本文以「歌謠」為載體的【七字調】本身之質性,產生錯誤之採樣,又以錯誤之採樣進行研究作為定式。本文透過上述舉例,說明此一現象,以供戲曲與音樂界之參考。
Taiwanese Opera (Ge Zi Xi), born in Taiwan, is one of traditional dramas known to have originated in Taiwan, and has been around for hundreds of years ever since. Derived from Minnan (southern Fujian) countryside ballads, popular tunes, and Che Gu Zhen (literally, “cart drum”opera), Taiwanese Opera is a composite of local customs, thoughts and cultures. Singing “ge zi (songs)” is the major way to perform Taiwanese opera, and those songs (ge zi) sung by performers serve as history books that lead us into the years of Taiwanese opera development. The genre of those songs (ge zi) came in a wide variety of tunes, such as za nian tunes, begging tunes (qi shi diao), duma tunes and among which “seven-word tune (qi zi diao)” is one of the most important basic tunes in the early days of Taiwanese opera. “Seven-word tune”was called“qi zi zi”in its early days, and was sung upon dialectic ballads. A line was composed of seven words, and four lines form a“pa”(a piece) of song, which is the“qi zi diao”. The syllabus of each line is 2 2 2 1. Two lines make a complete sentence, the former of which charges the oblique tones, while the latter charges even tones. It's very common that every line rhymes, which belongs to the standard form. However, since folk singers/performers at that time had not cultivated to strictly follow the rules and forms of classical poetic composition, some lyrics did not rhyme at all, or either the first or third line did not rhyme, which were called the variation. Therefore, lyrics of qi zi diao only met a few standards of the eight rules for the tunes to which songs are composed. And since they are not so strictly composed, the music became less exquisite. In qi zi diao, ci qing (lyric affection) and sheng qing (sound affection) should work together to bring out the best in each other. With that in mind, composers first compose the music by catering for “sheng qing”, in return, the music should manifest “ci qing”, and then musical instrument heighten the lyrics overall. At last, performers express the songs through singing by integrating their own personal tone color, tones, acquired skills, and comprehension to the lyrics and prospect, That is their music for voices in Taiwanese opera (chang qiang). Accordingly, if qi zi diao was sung by the same singer with different lyrics, there would be different chang qiang due to different sheng qing; while if one song sung by different singers, there would be different chang qiang as well. Therefore, singers have plenty of space for freely exercising and singing qi zi diao. As everyone's qi zi diao is different from one another's, the quantity of qi zi diao is big. As mentioned above, qi zi diao is not so exquisite; on the contrary, it's more flexible and free, which is actually the characteristic of all the folk ballads. As a result, field collectors should not use the single sample as the research subject, because that would lead to bias and incorrect research consequence. This study will explain to you the phenomenon for drama and music circle's reference.
期刊論文
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2.曾永義(20020300)。論說「腔調」。中國文哲研究集刊,20,11-112。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.稻田尹(1941)。台灣の歌謠に就て。台灣時報,1941(1月號)。  延伸查詢new window
4.何為(198007)。論南曲的「合唱」。戲曲研究,1980(1)。  延伸查詢new window
5.游素凰(20091200)。從外臺歌子戲之現象說到其近十年音樂特色與可行之道。戲曲學報,6,203-244。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.黃得時(1952)。臺灣歌謠之形態。文獻專刊,3(1),1-17。  延伸查詢new window
會議論文
1.張炫文(1996)。四十年來海峽兩岸歌仔戲「七字調」的探討與比較。海峽兩岸歌仔戲學術研討會。臺北:文建會。257-312。  延伸查詢new window
2.劉南芳、陳彬(1996)。兩岸歌仔戲音樂及表演風格之形成與比較。海峽兩岸歌仔戲學術研討會。台北市:文建會。361-384。  延伸查詢new window
研究報告
1.曾永義(1995)。歌仔戲劇本整理計畫報告書。台北市:財團法人中華民俗藝術基金會。  延伸查詢new window
學位論文
1.江美文(2010)。台灣勸世類「歌仔冊」之語文研究(碩士論文)。國立新竹教育大學。  延伸查詢new window
2.林怡伶(2007)。歌仔戲不同歷程之「七字調」唱腔中的行腔轉韻風格(碩士論文)。國立臺北藝術大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
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2.曾永義(2013)。戲曲與偶戲。臺北:國家出版社。  延伸查詢new window
3.曾永義(1984)。說俗文學。臺北:聯經出版社。  延伸查詢new window
4.周德清。中原音韻。  延伸查詢new window
5.杜學知(1971)。台灣省通志。宜蘭:宜蘭文獻會。  延伸查詢new window
6.王季烈。螾廬曲談。台北:臺灣商務印書館發行。  延伸查詢new window
7.李浮生(1981)。鍛錬國劇唱工的基本知識。臺北:國立復興劇藝實驗學校。  延伸查詢new window
8.徐麗紗(1992)。從歌仔到歌仔戲--以七字調曲牌體系為中心。臺北:學藝出版社。  延伸查詢new window
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10.鄭瑛珠(1999)。歌仔戲四大齣。宜蘭:宜蘭縣文化中心。  延伸查詢new window
11.劉勰、范文瀾(2000)。文心雕龍註。北京:人民文學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
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13.洪惟仁(1996)。台灣話音韻入門。臺北:國立復興劇藝實驗學校。  延伸查詢new window
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20.邱坤良(19920000)。舊劇與新劇:日治時期臺灣戲劇之研究(一八九五~一九四五)。臺北:自立晚報。new window  延伸查詢new window
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其他
1.廖瓊枝(2004)。台灣歌子戲之「四大齣」之什細記、陳三五娘、三伯英台,宜蘭:國立傳統藝術中心。  延伸查詢new window
2.許秀年,王景貴,劉南芳,林月卿,劉俊義,王松柏,許義宏,傅欽信,劉錦旺,臺灣電視公司(2001)。《七字調的世界》錄影專輯,臺灣:財團法人廣播電視事業發展基金。  延伸查詢new window
3.廖瓊枝,陳旺欉,李美娘,顏綠芬,羅徹特,莊進才,蘭陽戲劇團,阿瑪迪斯搖滾樂團(19970515)。《七字調七十二變》音樂會。  延伸查詢new window
4.「載體」的解釋,http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%BD%E4%BD%93, 104/03/28。  new window
5.「載體」定義,http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?idx=dict.idx&cond=%B8%FC%C5%E9&pieceLen=50&fld=l&cat=&imgFont=l, 104/04/15。  new window
6.中華民國教育部。重編國語辭典修訂本,http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?idx=dict.idx&cond=%A6%B1%B5P&pieceLen=50&fld=l&cat=&imgFont=1。  new window
圖書論文
1.鄭騫(1972)。北曲格式的變化。景午叢編。臺北:中華書局。  延伸查詢new window
2.(1997)。本地歌子--山伯英台。臺灣戲劇音樂集。宜蘭:宜蘭縣立文化中心。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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