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題名:從義務到權利:新舊母性主義下母性保護制度的轉向與重構
書刊名:國立臺灣大學法學論叢
作者:陳昭如 引用關係
作者(外文):Chen, Chao-ju
出版日期:2016
卷期:45:特刊
頁次:頁1095-1162
主題關鍵詞:母性保護制度母性主義母職女性主義法學女性夜間工作育兒育嬰假實質平等形式平等Maternity protectionMaternalismMotherhoodFeminist jurisprudenceWomen's night workChild careParental leaveSubstantive equalityFormal equality
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(5) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:5
  • 共同引用共同引用:232
  • 點閱點閱:199
母性保護制度是基於懷孕生育而對女性勞工予以保護的制度,歷史悠久,但也備受爭論,其最主要的爭議之一是平等問題:母性保護制度究竟是保護女性,或構成性別歧視?母性保護制度所表達的母性主義思維,是提升母性作為女性差異的價值與地位,或本質化母性與女性的連結、並使女性臣屬化?本文首先說明母性保護制度與母性主義的關聯、女性主義法學理論的不同母職與平等觀以及母性保護制度的三大爭議(懷孕歧視是否構成性別歧視、保護性立法的可允許性、育兒與母職建構),接著從實質平等的觀點出發,以女性夜間工作之禁止(性別特定的消極限制)與職場育兒制度(性別中立的福利/權利的積極提供)為例,探討臺灣母性保護制度與母性主義從「將母職視為義務」到「將母職視為權利」的歷史轉型,指出在義務中心的舊母性主義之下,放寬女性夜間工作是為了國家經濟發展的利益並兼顧女性的母職義務,育兒需求並不受到重視;在新母性主義的權利轉向之下,權利論述影響了女性夜間工作的進一步放寬以及性別中立的職場育兒制度之建立,母職成為一種應被保障且被鼓勵的權利。然而,從義務到權利的轉型沒有真正廢除將女人與母職連結的思考,也未能促成實質平等,而是以權利的語彙將之更新為表面上個人化的選擇與偏好。女人仍舊被鼓勵當母親、且是不平等的母親,因為育兒「選擇」是高度階級化、性別化與家庭化的。因此,本文主張揚棄母性主義與鞏固母職差異的母性保護制度,讓女人不再是「國」「家」的母親,而是平等的女性公民。
This research is a feminist investigation and a critique of maternity protection from the perspective of substantive equality. Usually defined as law and policies aiming at protecting women workers, maternity protection has a long history but is subject to various contestations. One of the most debated issues is a question regarding equality: does maternity protection constitute a form of protection for women, or serve as a form of gender discrimination? Does the idea of maternalism underlining maternity protection rightfully affirms women's differences, or does it function to essentialize the connection between women and motherhood? The discussion begins with an introduction of maternity protection and maternalism, feminist critique of motherhood and three major issues regarding maternity protection: pregnancy discrimination as gender discrimination, the permissibility of protective legislation, and the relationship between childcare and the construction of ideal motherhood. Focusing on the the legal regulation of women's night work and of childcare in the workplace, the research reveals the transformation of maternalism from duty-centered "old maternalism" to right-oriented "new maternalism." The restriction on women's night work was loosened first in the name of national interest (economic development) and then in the names of national interests and women's right to work. The needs for child care were first largely ignored and then recognized as workers' gender-neutral right. However, this transformation from duty to right does not create equal citizenship for women, because the "choice" to perform motherhood is an encouraged one and care work is still highly gendered, classified and familized. Compulsory motherhood is not abolished but rather updated. It is suggested that we depart from the embracement of maternalism and begin to recognize women's equal citizenship without treating women as essentially mothers of the family and the nation.
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3.勞動部(2015)。僱用管理就業平等概況調查(104年),http://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/svy04/0424menu.htm。  延伸查詢new window
4.International Labour Office(1996)。Equality in employment and occupation, Report III (Part 4B),http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/P/09661/09661(1996-83-4B).pdf。  new window
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圖書論文
1.陳昭如(2010)。夫妻財產該怎麼算?:頭家娘為誰辛苦為誰忙:釋字第410號解釋法律評析。大法官,給個說法!(3)不平則鳴。臺北:新學林。  延伸查詢new window
2.陳惠馨(1990)。從我國現行法中有關保護女性勞工規定之檢討談未來立法之取向。男女工作平等法草案及相關文獻彙編。臺北:婦女新知。  延伸查詢new window
3.Bock, G.(1991)。Antinatalism, maternity, and paternity in National Socialist racism。Maternity and gender policies: women and the rise of the european welfare states, 1880s-1950s。New York, NY:Routledge。  new window
4.Cossman, B.(2002)。Family Feuds: Neo-Liberal and Neo-Conservative Visions of the Reprivatization Project。Privatization, law, and the challenge to feminism。Toronto:University of Toronto Press。  new window
5.Iyer, N.(1997)。Some Mothers are Better than Others: A Re-examination of Maternity benefits。Challenging the public/private divide: feminism, law, and public policy。Toronto:University of Toronto Press。  new window
6.Misra, J.、Budig, M.、Boeckmann, I.(2012)。Work-family Policies and the Effects of Children on Women's Employment Hours and Wages。Work Family Policy: International Comparative Perspectives。New York, NY:Routledge。  new window
7.Slaughter, M. M.(1995)。The Legal Construction of "Mother"。Mothers in law: Feminist theory and the legal regulation of motherhood。New York, NY:Columbia University Press。  new window
8.Wang, H.、Cooney, S.(2002)。Taiwan's labour law: the end of state corporatism?。Law and Labor Market Regulation in East Asia。New York, NY:Routledge。  new window
 
 
 
 
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