司馬遷如何看待漢匈戰爭議題,在〈今上本紀〉、〈律書〉等亡佚的情況，單就〈匈奴列傳贊〉，難得梗概。本文以〈匈奴列傳〉為主，其餘傳記為輔，首先通過論贊，歸納司馬遷的評論主調；其次，藉由史事的重整、編序，製成「漢匈戰爭序列表」、「漢匈戰爭詳略表」，先鳥瞰戰爭記載的面貌，復觀察敘事背後寄寓的論斷；最後綜合論贊與敘事進行總結。據以得出：司馬遷固然肯定漢武帝的復仇宣戰，在捷報頻傳的前期戰事，開展了漢匈對峙的新紀元，卻未能乘勝採取平等互惠的和親辦法，反倒是窮兵黷武，欲使匈奴俯首稱臣。漢武帝好大喜功，使得政策失當、用人非才，導致後期戰事的慘烈失敗，這才是司馬遷對和、戰問題的態度與寄寓的批判要旨

Sino-Xiongnu War was a major event in Han Dynasty. From the great amounts of narrative of Shiji, the war definitely drew Sima Qian's attention. The researcher found out Sima Qian was neither against war engagement nor marriage alliance. Sima Qian, however, opposed the intensions saying that Han Emperor Wu Ti forgot the revenge, bowed to Xiongnu, exhausted resources, and wasted treasury and people to military strength. Sima Qian's main criticism laid on the later phase of great failures and losses that the Emperor had done: Wu-ti could not take the advantage to make appropriate decisions, and appoint ordinary and incompetent Commander Li Guang Li instead. Therefore, the problem of peace or war was not only a complete duality question for Sima Qian, his main tone and criticism of positive war engagement, were implied in the narratives, and it formed multi-layers of policy reviews of the problems