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題名：臺灣就業和非就業之多元選擇、工資式的一般化兩階段估計、與樣本選擇偏誤成因
書刊名：臺灣經濟預測與政策
作者：江豐富
作者(外文)：Jiang, Feng-fuh
出版日期：2020
卷期：50:2
頁次：頁45-94
主題關鍵詞：一般化兩階段估計法；典型vs.非典型就業；部分時間vs.全部時間工作；Generalized two-stage estimation approach；Atypical vs. typical employment；Part-time vs. full-time job
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本研究主要目的有二：一是以「多元logit模型」實證探討國內勞工選擇參與各就業與非就業部門的附著機率；另一是估計各就業部門的工資率式，為獲取一致性估計結果，並根據「一般化兩階段估計法」設定「樣本選擇變數」修正各部門觀察樣本的「選擇誤差」。就業部門共分「非典型部分工時、非典型全部工時、典型部分工時、典型全部工時」四個互斥部門；非就業部門含有非勞動力和失業兩個部門。採用行政院主計總處2011至2016年「人力運用調查」的混合個體資料進行迴歸，其結果擇要如下：（1）高教育程度者、「X、Y、和Z世代」、已婚男性、和單親爸爸選擇典型全部時間工作之機率都高於相同特性的其他族群，但選擇進入其他三個非典型部門的機率則相反。（2）兩個部分工時就業部門因其母體工資率之離散度大於另兩個全部工時就業部門，致其「正選擇誤差」都大於後者。（3）四類就業者中，唯有典型全部時間就業者的生命週期工資率時徑符合人力資本理論。（4）工資率的高低排序為：已婚男性（≒單親爸爸）＞未婚男性＞未婚女性（＞單親媽媽）＞已婚女性。（5）縣市失業率對各就業部門的工資率都有不可小覷的負面影響。
The purpose of this paper is two-fold: first, apply the multi-nominal logit model to estimate the attachment to various employment and non-employment sectors; second, adopt the generalized two-stage estimation approach to correct for selectivity bias in the wage equation of each employment sector. The employment section is classified as four mutually exclusive sectors of atypical/ part-time, atypical/full-time, typical/part-time, and typical/full-time employment, while the non-employment section includes both sectors of unemployment and non-labor force. By fitting the related estimation models to household data from the Manpower Utilization Survey of Taiwan conducted in each May of 2011-2016, the results can be briefly summarized as follows: (1) Those with higher education level, married males, and single fathers, as well as generations X, Y, and Z, have a higher probability of attaining typical/full-time employment than their counterparts. (2) The two part-time sectors are found to have greater positive selection bias than the other two full-time sectors, mainly because the population wage dispersions of the former sectors are greater than those of the latter ones. (3) Of the four employment sectors, only the life-cycle wage profile of the typical/full-time employment sector is compatible with what is predicted in human capital theory. (4) Holding other things equal, the magnitudes of wage profiles by gender and marital status are found to be in the order of married male (≒ single father) ＞ single male ＞ single female (＞ single mom) ＞ married female. (5) The county-level aggregate unemployment rate imposes a non-negligible negative impact on the wage rate of each employment sector.
期刊論文
1.Killewald, Alexandra、Gough, Margaret(2013)。Does Specialization Explain Marriage Penalties and Premiums?。American Sociological Review，78(3)，477-502。  new window
2.Lee, L.-F.(1983)。Generalized Econometric Models with Selectivity。Econometrica，51(2)，507-512。  new window
3.江豐富(20080300)。從勞動所得估計臺灣的人力資本生產與投資。臺灣經濟預測與政策，38(2)，111-140。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.Blau, Francine D.、Kahn, Lawrence M.(2000)。Gender Differences in Pay。The Journal of Economic Perspective，14(4)，75-99。  new window
5.Willis, Robert J.、Rosen, Sherwin(1979)。Education and Self-Selection。Journal of Political Economy，87(5 Part 2)，S7-S36。  new window
6.Anderson, Deborah J.、Binder, Melissa、Krause, Kate(2003)。The Motherhood Wage Penalty Revisited: Experience, Heterogeneity, Work Effort, and Work- Schedule Flexibility。Industrial and Labor Relations Review，56(2)，273-294。  new window
7.江豐富、劉克智(20051200)。臺灣縣市失業率的長期追蹤研究：1987-2001。人口學刊，31，1-39。new window  延伸查詢new window
8.Ben-Porath, Yoram(1967)。The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings。Journal of Political Economy，75(4, Part 1)，352-365。  new window
9.Kalleberg, Arne L.(2000)。Nonstandard Employment Relations: Part-time, Temporary and Contract Work。Annual Review of Sociology，26，341-365。  new window
10.Waldfogel, J.(1997)。The Effect of Children on Women's Wages。American Sociological Review，62(2)，209-217。  new window
11.江豐富(20111000)。失業、非典型就業的人口組成與工資率分析。臺灣經濟預測與政策，42(1)，75-118。new window  延伸查詢new window
12.江豐富、熊秉元、高長(19880900)。臺灣地區國中男女工資差異：人力資本理論探討。經濟論文叢刊，16(3)，323-355。new window  延伸查詢new window
13.Budig, Michelle J.、England, Paula(2001)。The Wage Penalty for Motherhood。American Sociological Review，66(2)，204-225。  new window
14.江豐富(19900900)。文憑主義在臺灣勞動市場的重要性--以學歷取才還是以人力資本取才。經濟論文，18(2)，129-178。new window  延伸查詢new window
15.江豐富(20161000)。臺灣現職工作期間之存續分析--兼具加速失敗時間與比例風險計量的Weibull分析。臺灣經濟預測與政策，47(1)，67-106。new window  延伸查詢new window
16.江豐富(20160900)。臺灣的正規教育、非典型就業與現職工作年資--Weibull的有母數存續分析。臺灣經濟論衡，14(3)，26-49。  延伸查詢new window
17.Arnold, T.(2013)。Generational Management。Smart Business St. Louis，6(7)，5。  new window
18.Bardasi, E.、Taylor, M.(2008)。Marriage and Wages: A Test of the Specialization Hypothesis。Economica，75(299)，569-591。  new window
19.Datta, G.、Smith, N.、Stratton, L.(2007)。Is Marriage Poisonous? Are Relationships Taxing? An Analysis of the Male Marital Wage Differential in Denmark。Southern Economic Journal，74(2)，412-433。  new window
20.Dickens, W.、Lang, K.(1985)。A Test of the Dual Labor Market Theory。American Economic Review，75(4)，792-805。  new window
21.Gorman, E.(2000)。Marriage and Money: The Effect of Marital Status on Attitudes Toward Pay and Finances。Work and Occupations，27(1)，64-88。  new window
22.Harford, I.、Hester, P.(2011)。Analysis of Generation Y Workforce Motivation Using Multi-Attribute Utility Theory。Defense Acquisition Research Journal，18(1)，63-63。  new window
23.Hasan, A.、Wang, Z.、Mahani, A.(2014)。Fast Estimation of Multinomial Logit Models: R Package mnlogit。Journal of Statistical Software，75(3)。  new window
24.Polachek, S.、Horvath, F.(1977)。A Life Cycle Approach to Migration: Analysis of the Perspicacious Peregrinator。Research in Labor Economics，1，103-149。  new window
25.Stoker, L.(2014)。Reflections on the Study of Generations in Politics。Forum，12(3)，377-396。  new window
26.Yigit, S.、Aksay, K.(2015)。A Comparison between Generation X and Generation Y in Terms of Individual Innovativeness Behavior: The Case of Turkish Health Professionals。International Journal of Business Administration，6(2)，106-117。  new window
27.Heckman, James Joseph(1979)。Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error。Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society，47(1)，153-161。  new window
28.White, Halbert L. Jr.(1980)。A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity。Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society，48(4)，817-838。  new window
29.李龍飛、Maddala, G. S.、Trost, R. P.(1980)。Asymptotic covariance matrices of two-stage Probit and two-stage Tobit methods for simultaneous equations models with selectivity。Econometrica，48(2)，491-503。  new window
研究報告
1.Glynn, S.(2014)。Breadwinning Mothers, Then and Now。Center for American Progress。  new window
圖書
1.Piore, Michael J.、Berger, Suzanne(1980)。Dualism and discontinuity in industrial societies。Cambridge University Press。  new window
2.Johnson, N. L.、Kotz, S.(1970)。Distributions in Statistics: Continuous Univariate Distributions。New York：Wiley。  new window
3.Greene, William H.(2012)。Econometric Analysis。Prentice-Hall, Inc.。  new window
4.Coupland, D.(1991)。Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture。New York：St. Martin's Press。  new window
5.江豐富(1992)。生命循環勞動所得、人力資本生產與投資成本、及教育補貼之估計--台灣勞動市場理論與實證研究。台北：中央研究院經濟研究所。  延伸查詢new window
6.Doeringer, P.、Piore, M.(1971)。Internal labor markets and manpower analysis。Lexington, MA：Lexington Books。  new window
7.Mincer, Jacob A.(1974)。Schooling, Experience, and Earnings。National Bureau of Economic Research。  new window
8.Becker, Gary Stanley(1981)。A Treatise on the Family。Harvard University Press。  new window
其他
1.Bukszpan, D.(20121112)。Why Do Married Men Earn More?，https://www.cnbc.com/id/49713774。  new window
2.Hewitt, B.，Western, M.，Baxter, J.(2002)。Marriage and Money: The Impact of Marriage on Men's and Women's Earnings。  new window
3.Polachek, S.(2004)。How the Human Capital Model Explains Why the Gender Wage Gap Narrowed。  new window
圖書論文
1.Jiang, F.-F.、Liu, P. K.-C.(2007)。The Deterioration in Employment: Regional Unemployment Dynamics。The Labour Market and Economic Development of Taiwan。Cheltenham：Edward Elgar。  new window
 
 
 
 
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