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題名:教科書內容設計與閱讀理解之認知研究
書刊名:教育與心理研究
作者:顏若映 引用關係
出版日期:1992
卷期:15
頁次:頁101-128
主題關鍵詞:內容教科書理解設計認知閱讀
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(9) 博士論文(4) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:9
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:108
     教科書是教學的依據,是課堂學習的基礎,故教科書內容之良窳影響頗大。然而 ,許多教科書內容的可理解性並不高。 1970 年代中葉到 1980 年代期間,美國伊利諾大學 的閱讀研究中心,從事許多有關基模對文章理解之影響的研究,使人了解基模乃認知的基礎 。因此,為增進教科書內容之閱讀理解,在內容設計上,須注意協助讀者啟動相關的先備知 識,對文章的內容建立連貫的意義。一般來說,有四種不同的知識對有效的閱讀理解而言是 必須具備的:(1)內容知識( content knowledge ):如具備及運用先前知識。 (2) 文章結構知識( Knowledge about text structure ):了解文章基本結構、組織、及整體 架構的知識。 (3)策略知識( strategic knowledge ):有關如何對所閱讀文章做節要 、做筆記、及劃重點的知識。 (4)後設認知知識( metacognitive knowledge ):如監 控是否充分理解文章內容。其中教科書編撰者能掌握的是引發學習者適當的內容知識及文章 結構知識。 為使學習者能有效地閱讀理解,作者應注意協助讀者啟動或建構兩種基模:(一)在文章結 構方面, 作者要運用基本結構、 標示及其他方式, 來協助讀者使用文體基模( textual schema )(二)在內容方面, 作者要了解學童對相關人、物、事件和情境等方面的知識背 景,是否具備足以理解文章的先前知識,以協助讀者啟用內容基模( content schema ); 若讀者缺乏合適的內容基模,則作者必須詳述教材內容及關係,以利讀者建構必要的內容基 模以理解課文。此外,編撰教科書時必須注意連貫性,在文章整體結構或組織上,必須對重 要概念加以統整,以達到整體連貫性( global coherence );對文句中或文句間的觀點應 產生有效聯結,以促進局部連貫性( local coherence )。 為使教科書內容架構完備,所 介紹的概念具有連續性與統整性,可利用「概念圖」作為設計藍圖。 本文根據上述探討結果,分別從教科書內容設計的基礎、架構、及撰寫方式等三方面,對如 何增進中小學教科書之閱讀理解,提出具體建議。
     This papwr discusses the design of content-area textbooks and reading comprehension in two aspects. On the one hand, textbook designers shouid determine if the readers have appropriate schemata, including textual schema and content schema. If they do, the authors should help them instantiate appropriate schema, If not, the authors must help them construct it. On the other hand, textbook designers should note the coherence of textbooks. The more coherent the text, The more likely the reader will be able to construct a coherent cognitive model of the information in the text. Texts cohere both globally and locally. Global coherence is achieved by text characteristics that facilitate the integration of high-level, important ideas across an entire sectior chapter, or book. Local coherence is achieved by several kinds of simple links or ties that connect ideas together within and between sentences. Moreover, the authors may use a concept map for the design of textbook. If a concept map is an integral part of the text, the students become eyed into and involved in discovering new relationships among concepts.
期刊論文
1.Mandler, J. M.、Johnson, N. S.(1977)。Remembrance of things Parsed: Story Structure and Recall。Cognitive Psychology,9,111-151。  new window
2.Kinstch, W.、Van Dijk, T. A.(1978)。Towards a model of text comprehension and production。Psychological Review,85,363-394。  new window
3.柯華葳(1989)。課文與理解。華文世界,51,64-66。  延伸查詢new window
4.Mandler, J. M.(1978)。A Code in the Node: The Use of a Story Schema in Retrieval。Discourse Processes,1(1),14-35。  new window
5.Armbruster, B. B.(1986)。Schema theory and the design of content-area textbooks。Educational Psychologist,21,253-267。  new window
6.Freebody, P.、Anderson, R. C.(1983)。Effects of vocabulary difficulty, text cohesion, and schema availability on reading comprehension。Reading Research Quarterly,18(3),277-294。  new window
7.Kintsch, W.(1986)。Learning from text。Cognition and Instruction,3(2),87-108。  new window
8.Thorndyke, P. W.(1977)。Cognitive structure in comprehension and memory of narrative discourse。Cognitive Psychology,9,77-110。  new window
9.Garrod, S.、Sanford, A.(1977)。Interpreting anaphoric reference: The integration of semantic information while reading。Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,16,77-90。  new window
10.Katz, E.、Brent, Sr.(1968)。Understanding connection。Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,1,501-509。  new window
11.Kintsch, W.、Mandel, T. S.、Kozminsky, E.(1977)。Summarizing scrambled stories。Memory and Cognition,5,547-552。  new window
12.Marshall, Nancy、Glock, Marvin D.(1978)。Comprehension of Connected Discourse: A Study into the Relationships between the Structure of Text and Information Recalled。Reading Research Quarterly,14(1),10-56。  new window
13.陳麗華(19880400)。基模理論與教科書內容的設計。現代教育季刊,3(2)=10,128-139。  延伸查詢new window
14.Pearson, P. D.(1974)。The Effects of Grammatical Complexity on Children’s Comprehension, Recall and Conception of Certain Semantic Relations。Reading Research Quarterly,10,155-192。  new window
會議論文
1.Armbruster, B. B.、Ostertag, J.(1988)。Questions in content area textbooks: How do they function。Annual Meeting of American Educational Research Association,(會議日期: 1988/04/15-19)。New Orleans。  new window
2.Fischer, F. E.(1989)。A comparison of curricula used in kindergarten for the development of number concept。Annul Meeting of the American Educational Researche Assocation,(會議日期: 1989/03/27-04/01)。San Francisco, CA。  new window
3.Meyer, B. J.(1987)。Training use of top-level structure in expository text: Increase in reading comprehension of yourig and old adults。Annual Meeting of the International Reading Association,(會議日期: 1987/05/03-07)。Anaheim, CA。  new window
4.Meyer, B. J. F.、Brandt, D. M.、Bluth, G. J.(1978)。Use of author's schema:Key to ninth graders' comprehension。American Educational Research Association。Toronto。  new window
5.Nagy, W. E.、Herman, P. A.(1991)。Breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge: Implications for acquisition and instruction。Curriculum Research of Elementary School Meeting,(會議日期: 1991/11/07-08)。Taipei。  new window
6.Pankratius, W. J.、Keith, T. M.(1987)。Building an organized knowledge base: Concep mapping secondary school science。Annual Meeting of the National Science Teachers Association,(會議日期: 1987/03/26-29)。Washington, DC。  new window
7.Stein, N. L.(1976)。The effects of increasing temporal disorganization on children’s recall of story。Psychonomic Society Meeting,(會議日期: 1976/11/11-15)。St, Louis。  new window
圖書
1.Just, M. A.、Carpenter, P. A.(1987)。The psychology of reading and language comprehension。Allyn and Bacon。  new window
2.Best, John B.、黃秀瑄、林瑞欽(1991)。認知心理學。臺北:師大書苑。  延伸查詢new window
3.Ausubel, D. P.(1968)。Educational psychology: A cognitive view。New York:Holt, Rinehart & Winston。  new window
4.Mayer, R. E.、林清山(1990)。教育心理學。台北:遠流。  延伸查詢new window
5.Anderson, R. C.、Hiebert, E. H.、Scott, J. A.、Wilkinson, I. A. G.(1985)。Becoming a nation of readers: The report of the commission on reading。Champaign, IL:Center for the Study of Reading。  new window
6.Thompson, C. A.(1982)。Primary social studies: A refocus on the student。  new window
7.Tyson-Bernstein, H.(1988)。A conspiracy of good intension: America's textbook fiasco。Washington, DC:The Council for Basic Education。  new window
8.鍾聖校(1990)。認知心理學。台北:心理。  延伸查詢new window
9.Novak, Joseph D.、Gowin, D. Bob(1984)。Learning How to Learn。Cambridge University Press。  new window
10.Smith, E. E.(1990)。Categorization。Thinking: An invitation to cognitive science, Volume 3。Cambridge, MA。  new window
單篇論文
1.Armbruster, B. B.(1988)。Why some children have trouble content area textbooks(ED 300 782)。  new window
其他
1.柯華葳(1990)。國小社會科課文理解研究,台北:省立台北師範學院。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.Armbruster B. B.、Anderson, T. H.(1984)。Content area textbooks。Learning to read in American schools: Basal readers and content texts。Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum。  new window
2.Armbruster, B. B.(1984)。The problem of "inconsiderate text"。Comprehension Instruction。New York:Longman。  new window
3.Anderson, R. C.、Armbruster, B. B.(1986)。Readable textbooks, or selecting a textbook is not like buying a pair of shoes。Reading comprehension: From research to practice。Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum。  new window
4.Rumelhart, D. E.(1980)。Schemata:The building blocks of cognition。Theoretical issues in reading comprehension。Hillsdale, NJ:LEA。  new window
 
 
 
 
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