Previous empirical studies on the female labor supply in Taiwan have devoted themselves to causality analysis using post-World War II data. The labor statistics available during the Japanese colonial era have seldom been exploited. This paper attempts to study the long-run structural changes in the female labor supply in Taiwan using these data. In order to examine the socio-economic determinants of the female labor supply during the colonial era, we apply a modern labor supply framework to the 1905, 1915, 1920, 1930 and 1940 census data. Both weighted least squares and ordinary least squares are used on the 1930 crosssectional data and pooled five-year census data. Empirical results show that the well-recognized factors influencing female labor force participation in the postwar period also played significant roles during Japanese colonial era.