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題名：中國大陸全國人大專門委員會的制度化歷程及評估
書刊名：政治學報
作者：趙建民 引用關係／張鈞智
作者(外文)：Chao, Chien-min／Chang, Chun-chih
出版日期：2014
卷期：57
頁次：頁77-100
主題關鍵詞：全國人民代表大會；制度化；威權韌性；專門委員會；National People's Congress；Institutionalization；Authoritarian resilience；Permanent committee
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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中國大陸的公民社會逐漸展露自主性，但立法機構是否也出現類似趨勢，引起學界關注。本文根據政治學的相關理論，佐以中國大陸的實際狀況，提出制度化的操作定義，藉以探討並評估全國人大專委會的制度化發展。本文發現，在制度化的三個指標當中，「繁複性」進展最多，「普遍規則」也有部分增長，但「周界」的維護非但未獲提升，反而有微幅下降的趨勢。在「繁複性」方面，專委會成員明顯增加、委員年輕化、知識化和專業化的程度上升，有利於立法工作的推動。專委會的功能和作用獲得更明確的法規支撐，在議案和法案審議的職能也有所強化，使得「普遍規則」的建立有所提升，不過，行政和立法部門在法案起草方面的分工，加上委員會議事規則長久未能修訂，削弱了專委會立法功能。在「周界」方面，專委會資深領導增加有助於專業立法，但中共黨員比例占有絕對優勢、專委成員平均任期大幅下降、常委會委員比例增加，這些因素都不利於人大「周界」的建立。本文結論指出，全國人大專委會的專業能力固然有所提升，但自主性仍低，此一發展符合韌性威權的說法。
As China's society is showing signs of civil autonomy and defiance, scholars wonder whether the legislatures, once a ＂rubber stamp,＂ are gaining a new life by becoming more autonomous vis-a-vis the resilient party-state. Employing a new operational definition of institutionalization by supplementing the concepts borrowed from existing literature in China's National People's Congress (NPC), this article tries to analyze the institutional developments of the permanent committees in the NPC. The findings suggest that the NPC committees have indeed made great headway on the issue of ＂complexity＂ and even included some ＂universal criteria＂ in their rules, but problems with the ＂boundness＂ still linger. In the area of ＂complexity,＂ the growth of committees in both size and numbers, recruitment of younger but better educated members, the emergence of seniority system in the selection of leadership and the rising trend towards specialization, have all contributed to building up capacity of the institution. While the function of law-drafting has been declining, committees have been granted more powers in the deliberation process, and hence more regularization. On the other hand, about 80% of committee members still retain CCP membership. More NPC Standing Committee members are serving in permanent committees than before, while shortened time served by committee members have added additional challenges to the consolidation of ＂boundness.＂ In conclusion, the article substantiates the logic of ＂authoritarian resilience＂ by pointing out that although more specialization is obviously discernible in the NPC committees, autonomy remains weak.
期刊論文
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6.Hamm, K. E.、Hedlund, R. D.、Post, S. S.(2011)。Committee Specialization in U.S. State Legislatures during the 20th Century: Do Legislatures Tap the Talents of Their Members?。State Politics & Policy Quarterly，11(3)，299-324。  new window
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14.廖達琪(2010)。國會議員生涯類型變遷與民主體制的取向分析--以臺灣第二到第七屆立法院為例。東吳政治學報，28(2)，49-96。new window  延伸查詢new window
15.趙建民(200209)。中共黨國體制下立法機關的制度化。中國大陸研究，45(5)，87-112。new window  延伸查詢new window
16.趙建民、張鈞智(200606)。菁英循環或再生？十二大以來中共技術官僚的發展趨勢。中國大陸研究，49(2)，69-97。new window  延伸查詢new window
17.Eisenstadt, S. N.(1964)。Institutionalization and Change。American Sociological Review，29(2)，235-247。  new window
18.徐斯儉(20100900)。「黨國」還是「共和國」？--中共政治變遷的一個內在邏輯。政治科學論叢，45，37-67。new window  延伸查詢new window
19.Squire, P.(1988)。Member Career Opportunities and the Internal Organization of Legislatures。The Journal of Politics，50(3)，726-744。  new window
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21.Nathan, Andrew J.(2003)。Authoritarian Resilience。Journal of Democracy，14(1)，6-17。  new window
22.Cho, Young Nam(2002)。From 'Rubber Stamps' to 'Iron Stamps': The Emergence of Cnmese Local People's Congresses as Supervisory Powerhouses。China Quarterly，171，724-740。  new window
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25.Xia, M.(2000)。Political Contestation and the Emergence of the Provincial People's Congresses as Power Players in Chinese Politics: A Network Explanation。Journal of Contemporary China，9(24)，185-214。  new window
26.趙建民、張淳翔(20071200)。從群眾路線到有限多元：中國大陸立法聽證制度之發展。中國大陸研究，50(4)，31-55。new window  延伸查詢new window
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會議論文
1.Chao, C.、Chang, C.(2010)。Fair Trade? Institutionalization, Specialization, and Autonomy in Reforming China's Legislature。The Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association of Washington, DC.。  new window
2.Chao, C.、Chang, C.(2012)。Specialization, Autonomy and Legislative Capacity in a Rubber Stamp Legislature: The Case of China.’‘ The 22nd World。The 22nd World Congress of Political Science of Madrid。  new window
學位論文
1.曾萍(2004)。議會委員會制度比較研究(博士論文)。中國人民大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.蔡定劍(2003)。中國人民代表大會制度。北京：法律出版社。  延伸查詢new window
2.劉政、于友民、程湘清(1999)。人民代表大會工作全書(1949-1998)。北京：中國法制出版社。  延伸查詢new window
3.尹中卿(2010)。中國人大組織構成和工作制度。北京：中國民主法制出版社。  延伸查詢new window
4.王愛聲(2009)。立法過程：制度選擇的進路。北京：中國人民大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
5.王漢斌(2012)。王漢斌訪談錄：親歷新時期社會主義民主法制建設。中國民主法制出版社。  延伸查詢new window
6.全國人大常委會法工委立法規劃室(2008)。中華人民共和國立法統計。北京：中國民主法制出版社。  延伸查詢new window
7.周偉(2005)。各國立法機關委員會制度比較研究。濟南：山東人民出版社。  延伸查詢new window
8.孫哲(2004)。全國人大制度硏究(1979-2000)。北京：法律出版社。  延伸查詢new window
9.Deering, C. J.、Smith, S. S.(1997)。Committees in Congress。Wasnmgton, DC：A Division of Congressional Quarterly。  new window
10.Maltzman, F.(1997)。Competing Principle: Committees, Parties, and the Organization of Congress。Ann Arbor, MI：University of Michigan Press。  new window
11.Loewenberg, Gerhard、Patterson, Samuel C.(1979)。Comparing Legislatures。Little, Brown and Company。  new window
12.Pei, Minxin(2006)。China's Trapped Transition: The Limits of Developmental Autocracy。Harvard University Press。  new window
13.Mezey, Michael L.(1979)。Comparative Legislatures。Duke University Press。  new window
14.Shambaugh, David(2008)。China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation。University of California Press。  new window
15.Huntington, Samuel P.(1968)。Political Order in Changing Societies。Yale University Press。  new window
其他
1.尹中卿，艾志鴻，屠智鋒，趙燕等(2003)。如何完善全國人大専門委員會的構成?，http://people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/19/20030603/1007423.html， 2003/06/03。  延伸查詢new window
2.吳邦國(2003)。吳邦國委員長在十屆全國人大常委會第二次會議上的講話，http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/2003-06/12/content_5327541.htm， 2013/02/05。  延伸查詢new window
3.彭真(1983)。全國人大專門委員會怎麼工作?，http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/99985/100003/9812479.html， 2013/02/05。  延伸查詢new window
4.蔡定劍(2010)。人民代表大會制度改革與憲政發展，http://www.aisixiang.com/data/31/2D.htmi， 2013/02/05。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.Groseclose, T.、King, D. C.(2001)。Committee Theories Reconsidered。Congress Reconsidered。Washington, DC：CQ Press。  new window
2.Olson, D. M.、Crowther, W. E.(2002)。Committees in New Democratic Parliaments: Indicators of Institutionalization。Committees in Post-Communist Democratic Parliaments: Comparative Institutionalization。Columbus, OH：The Ohio State University Press。  new window
3.Shaw, M.(1979)。Conclusion。Committees in Legislatures: A Comparative Analysis。Durham, NC：Duke University Press。  new window
4.Shih, V.、Shan, W.、Liu, M.(2010)。The Central Committee Past and Present: A Method of Quantifying Elite Biographies。Contemporary Chinese Politics: New Sources, Methods, and Field Strategies。New York：Cam-Dridge University Press。  new window
5.Sisson, Richard(1973)。Comparative Legislative Institutionalization: A Theoretical Exploration。Legislatures in Comparative Perspective。New York, NY：McKay。  new window
6.鄒平學(2008)。人大代表專職化問題研究。復旦政治學評論：中國民主的制度結構。上海：上海人民出版社。  延伸查詢new window
7.吳玉山(20070000)。宏觀中國--後極權資本主義發展國家--蘇東與東亞模式的揉合。黨國蛻變--中共政權的菁英與政策。臺北：五南。new window  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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