Tones in Hakka Infant-Directed Speech: An Acoustic Perspective__臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

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題名：	Tones in Hakka Infant-Directed Speech: An Acoustic Perspective
書刊名：	語言暨語言學
作者：	鄭明中／張國志
作者(外文)：	Cheng, Ming-chung／Chang, Kuo-chih
出版日期：	2014
卷期：	15:3
頁次：	頁341-390
主題關鍵詞：	聲學；基頻；客語；兒向語；聲調；Acoustics；Fundamental frequency；Hakka；Infant-directed speech；Tone
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(4) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:59 點閱:68

本研究比較客語「兒向語」與「成人語」的六個單字調，藉以檢視客語「兒向語」聲調的擴張及曲解情形，並特別關注文獻上未曾探討過的議題，即「兒向語」裡的舒入聲調對比。十六對母子參與本研究，嬰兒年齡介於六至二十六個月之間。本研究採用十八個以 C1V1C2V(C) 為結構的雙音節詞作為研究字表，其中 C1 與 C2 為無聲輔音，V1 為三個頂點元音 [i, a, u] 其中之一，並為目標聲調所在。研究中，「兒向語」與「成人語」的語料皆在受訪者家中錄製，且均來自於母親與其嬰兒及研究者的自然言語互動。每次錄音裡，各個聲調的前兩個清晰樣本被截取出來，並透過 PRAAT 進行基頻分析。研究結果顯示，客語「兒向語」裡的各個單字調均呈現調形誇大、調值提升、調域變寬、聲調升降急遽、調長延長、及聲調差異擴大的情形，但並未造成聲調扭曲的現象。此外，這些擴張的基頻音徵，不僅提升了語言訊號的感知突出性，更有助於嬰兒的聲調辨識與範疇學習。更有趣的發現是，舒（去聲）入（陽入）聲調在「兒向語」與「成人語」中的語音表現不同。在「成人語」中兩個聲調彼此重疊，但在「兒向語」裡卻是相互分離，入聲調高於舒聲調。本文主張，「兒向語」裡這種舒入聲調分離現象導因於入聲音節韻尾 [p, t, k] 在連續語流中快速發音時所產生的喉塞化作用。

以文找文

This study explores lexical tones in Hakka infant-directed speech (IDS) in comparison with adult-directed speech (ADS), investigating whether lexical tones are hyperarticulated and distorted in Hakka IDS. Special attention is directed at the tonal contrast between unchecked and checked tones, an issue never investigated previously. Sixteen mother–infant dyads participated in this study, with infants’ age ranging from 6 to 26 months. The speech stimuli contained 18 disyllabic phrases in the form of C1V1C2V(C), where C1 and C2 are voiceless consonants and V1 (a corner vowel [i, a, u]) carried the target tone. Mothers interacted with their infants and the researcher naturally at their homes. Interviews were recorded as IDS and ADS. For each recording, the first two clear tokens of each target tone were segmented out for acoustic analysis of fundamental frequency (F0) by PRAAT. Results show that lexical tones in IDS are phonetically enhanced by exaggerated F0 contour, elevated F0 mean, widened F0 range, steepened F0 slope, lengthened F0 duration, and expanded tonal distance. Yet they are not distorted because they can still be distinguished by one or more F0 cues. All hyperarticulated cues contribute to perceptually salient linguistic signals, and help infants with tonal identification and categorical learning. More significantly, checked and unchecked tones have different tonal behaviors in ADS and IDS. Both tone types overlap in ADS, but separate in IDS. This tonal separability results from glottalization of the [p, t, k] codas in the production of checked-tone syllables in spontaneous and continuous speech.

以文找文

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121.	Sundberg, Ulla(2001)。Consonant specification in infant-directed speech. Some preliminary results from a study of voice onset time in speech to one-year-olds。Working Papers，49，148-151。
122.	Cooper, Robin P.、Abraham, Jane、Berman, Sheryl、Staska, Margaret(1997)。The development of infants' preference for motherese。Infant Behavior and Development，20(4)，477-488。
123.	Ohala, John J.(1984)。An Ethological Perspective on Common Cross-Language Utilization of F 0 of Voice。Phonetica，41(1)，1-16。
124.	趙元任(1930)。A System of Tone Letters。Le Maître Phonétique，45，24-27。
125.	Snow, Catherine E.(1977)。The development of conversation between mothers and babies。Journal of Child Language，4(1)，1-22。

會議論文
1.	Dell, François(1977)。The fate of the entering tone in the Chinese dialects。10th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics，(會議日期: 1977/10/14-10/16)。Washington, D.C.：Georgetown University。
2.	Chang, Yueh-chin(1995)。The tonal system of Taiwan Hakka: an acoustic investigation。The 1994 Conference on Language Teaching and Linguistics in Taiwan。Taipei：Crane。95-112。
3.	Dodane, Christelle、Al-Tamimi, Jalaleddin(2007)。An acoustic comparison of vowel systems in adult-directed speech and child-directed speech: evidence from French, English and Japanese。16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences，(會議日期: 6-10 August 2007)。Saarbrücken：Saarland University。1573-1576。
4.	Gussenhoven, Carlos(2002)。Intonation and interpretation: phonetics and phonology。The First International Conference on Speech Prosody。Aix-en-Provence：Laboratoire Parole et Language, Université de Provence。47-57。
5.	Lam, Christa、Kitamura, Christine(2006)。Developmental trends in infant preferences for affective intent in mothers' speech。11th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology。Auckland：Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association。100-105。
6.	Pittayaporn, Pittayawat(2007)。Directionality of tone change。16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences。Saarbrücken：Saarland University。1421-1424。
7.	Scarborough, Rebecca、Brenier, Jason、Zhao, Yuan、Hall-Lew, Lauren、Dmitrieva, Olga(2007)。An acoustic study of real and imagined foreigner-directed speech。16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences。Saarbrücken：Saarland University。2165-2168。
8.	Andruski, Jean E.、Kuhl, Patricia K.(1996)。The acoustic structure of vowels in mothers' speech to infants and adults。The Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing，(會議日期: 3-6 Oct. 1996)。Piscataway, N.J.：IEEE。1545-1548。

學位論文
1.	Cristià, Alejandrina(2009)。Individual Variation in Infant Speech Processing: Implications for Language Acquisition Theories(博士論文)。Purdue University，West Lafayette, Indiana。
2.	黃耀煌(2003)。An Acoustic Study on the Hakka Tones(碩士論文)。National Kaohsiung Normal University，Kaohsiung。
3.	Engle, Marianne Eger(1979)。Do fathers speak motherese? An Analysis of the Language Environments of Young Children(博士論文)。United States International University，San Diego。
4.	Sundberg, Ulla(1998)。Mother Tongue: Phonetic Aspects of Infant-directed Speech(博士論文)。Stockholm University，Stockholm, Sweden。
5.	Xu, Nan(2008)。Tones and Vowels in Cantonese Infant-directed Speech: Hyperarticulation during the First 12 Months of Infancy(博士論文)。University of Western Sydney，Sydney。
6.	劉季蓉(2007)。客家話大埔音聲調之聲學研究(碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學。延伸查詢

圖書
1.	劉俐李(2004)。漢語聲調論。南京：南京師範大學出版社。延伸查詢
2.	羅肇錦(2007)。重修苗栗縣志：語言志。苗栗縣：苗栗縣政府。延伸查詢
3.	Ladefoged, Peter(2005)。Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages。Blackwell Publishers。
4.	古國順、何石松、劉醇鑫(2004)。客語發音學。臺北市：五南。延伸查詢
5.	Abramson, Arthur S.(1962)。The Vowels and Tones of Standard Thai: Acoustical Measurements and Experiments。Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore and Linguistics。
6.	Boersma, Paul、Weenink, David(2009)。PRAAT: Doing phonetics by computer。Amsterdam：Institute of Phonetic Sciences, University of Amsterdam。
7.	Cattell, Ray(2000)。Children's Language: Consensus and Controversy。London：New York：Cassell。
8.	Fok-Chan, Yuen-Yuen(1974)。A Perceptual Study of Tones in Cantonese。Hong Kong：Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong。
9.	Ku, Kuo-shun(2005)。臺灣客家概論。Taipei：Wunan。延伸查詢
10.	Sh, Feng(2008)。語音格局：語音學與音學系的交匯點。Beijing：The Commercial Press。延伸查詢
11.	Jusczyk, Peter W.(1997)。The Discovery of Spoken Language。Cambridge：MIT Press。
12.	Zar, Jerrold H.(1996)。Biostatistical Analysis。Prentice-Hall。
13.	Howie, John Marshall(1976)。Acoustical Studies of Mandarin Vowels and Tones。Cambridge University Press。
14.	石鋒(1990)。語音學探微。北京大學出版社。延伸查詢
15.	郭錦桴(1993)。漢語聲調語調闡要與探索。北京：北京語言學院出版社。延伸查詢
16.	Clark, Eve V.(2003)。First Language Acquisition。Cambridge。
17.	吳宗濟(1986)。漢語普通話單音節語圖冊。北京：中國社會科學出版社。延伸查詢
18.	鄭秋豫(19900000)。An Acoustic Phonetic Study on Tones in Mandarin Chinese。臺北市：中央研究院歷史語言研究所。延伸查詢
19.	Yip, Moira Jean Winsland(2002)。Tone。Cambridge University Press。
20.	Owens, R. E.(2005)。Language Development: An Introduction。Upper Saddle River, NJ：Pearson Education Press。
21.	Heath, S. B.(1983)。Ways with words: Language, life, and work in communities and classrooms。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
22.	Brown, Roger W.(1973)。A First Language: The Early Stages。Harvard University Press。
23.	Ladefoged, Peter(2006)。A Course in Phonetics。Boston, Mass.：Thomson Wadsworth。
24.	Snow, Catherine E.、Ferguson, Charles A.(1977)。Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition。Cambridge University Press。
25.	鍾榮富(20040000)。臺灣客家語音導論。臺北：五南。延伸查詢
26.	Chomsky, Noam(1981)。Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures。Foris Publications。
27.	Ladefoged, Peter、Maddieson, Ian(1996)。The Sounds of the World's Languages。Blackwell Publishers Ltd.。
28.	Chomsky, Noam(1965)。Aspects of the Theory of Syntax。MIT Press。

圖書論文
1.	Ferguson, Charles A.(1977)。Baby talk as a simplified register。Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition。Cambridge University Press。
2.	Garnica, Olga Kaunoff(1977)。Some prosodic and paralinguistic features of speech to young children。Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition。Cambridge University Press。
3.	Edmondson, Jerold A.(1992)。A study of tones and initials in Kam, Lakkja, and Hlai。Papers on Tai Languages, Linguistics, and Literatures。DeKalb：Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University。
4.	Saxton, Matthew(2009)。The Inevitability of Child Directed Speech。Language Acquisition。Palgrave Macmillan。
5.	Schneider, Bruce A.、Trehub, Sandra E.(1992)。Sources of developmental change in auditory sensitivity。Developmental Psychoacoustics。Washington, DC：American Psychological Association。
6.	Blount, Ben G.(1984)。Mother-infant interaction: features and functions of parental speech in English and Spanish。The Development of Oral and Written Language in Social Contexts。Norwood：Ablex。
7.	Cross, Toni G.(1977)。Mother's speech adjustment: the contribution of selected child listener variables。Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition。Cambridge：New York：Cambridge University Press。
8.	Cruttenden, Alan(1994)。Phonetic and prosodic aspects of baby talk。Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition。Cambridge：New York：Cambridge University Press。
9.	de Boer, Bart(2005)。Infant-directed speech and evolution of language。Language Origins: Perspectives on Evolution。Oxford：New York：Oxford University Press。
10.	Fernald, Anne(1992)。Human maternal vocalizations to infants as biologically relevant signals: an evolutionary perspective。The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture。New York：Oxford University Press。
11.	Gandour, Jackson T.(1979)。Perceptual dimensions of tone: Thai。Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies。Canberra：Pacific Linguistics。
12.	Gleitman, Lila R.、Wanner, Eric(1982)。Language acquisition: the state of the state of the art。Language Acquisition: The State of the Art。Cambridge：New York：Cambridge University Press。
13.	Harkness, Sarah(1976)。Mother's language。Baby Talk and Infant Speech。Amsterdam：Swets & Zeitlinger。
14.	Hombert, Jean-Marie(1978)。Consonant types, vowel quality, and tone。Tone: A Linguistic Survey。New York：Academic Press。
15.	Jocić, Mirjana(1978)。Adaptation in adult speech during communication with children。The Development of Communication。New York：Wiley。
16.	Kingston, John(2005)。The phonetics of Athabaskan tonogenesis。Athabaskan Prosody。Amsterdam：Philadelphia：John Benjamins。
17.	Lehiste, Ilse(1996)。Suprasegmental features of speech。Principles of Experimental Phonetics。St. Louis：Mosby。
18.	Lieberman, Philip(1996)。Some biological constraints on the analysis of prosody。Signal to Syntax: Bootstrapping from Speech to Grammar in Early Acquisition。Mahwah：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。
19.	Matisoff, James A.(1973)。Tonogenesis in Southeast Asia。Consonant Types and Tones。Los Angeles：Linguistics Program, University of Southern California。
20.	Newport, Elissa L.(1977)。Motherese: the speech of mothers to young children。Cognitive Theory。Hillsdale：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。
21.	Ohala, John J.(1973)。The physiology of tone。Consonant Types and Tone。Los Angeles：Linguistic Program, University of Southern California。
22.	Ringler, Norma(1978)。A longitudinal study of mothers' language。The Development of Communication。New York：Wiley。
23.	Sachs, Jacqueline(1977)。The adaptive significance of linguistic input to prelinguistic infants。Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
24.	Snow, Catherine E.(1979)。The role of social interaction in language acquisition。Children's Language and Communication。Hillsdale：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。
25.	Snow, Catherine E.(1995)。Issues in the study of input: finetuning, universality, individual and developmental differences and necessary causes。The Handbook of Child Language。Oxford：Basil Blackwell。
26.	Story, Gillian(1989)。A report on the nature of Carrier pitch phenomena: with special reference to the verb prefix tonomechanics。Athapaskan Linguistics: Current Perspectives on a Language Family。Berlin：New York：Mouton de Gruyter。
27.	Uchanski, Rosalie M.(2005)。Clear speech。The Handbook of Speech Perception。Malden：Blackwell。
28.	Xu, Yi、Wang, Q. Emily(1997)。What can tone studies tell us about intonation?。Intonation: Theory, Models and Applications。Athens：European Speech Communication Association。
29.	Hirose, Hajime(1997)。Investigating the physiology of laryngeal structures。The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences。Oxford：Basil Blackwell。
30.	Cross, Toni G.(1978)。Mother's speech and its association with rate of linguistic development in young children。The Development of Communication。New York：Wiley。
31.	Lindblom, Björn(1990)。Explaining phonetic variation: A sketch of the H and H theory。Speech Production and Speech Modeling。Dordrecht：Kluwer。
32.	Ohala, John J.(1978)。Production of tone。Tone: A Linguistic Survey。New York：Academic Press。
33.	Snow, Catherine E.(1994)。Beginning from baby talk: twenty years of research on input and interaction。Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition。Cambridge：New York：Cambridge University Press。
34.	Ohala, John J.(1994)。The frequency code underlies the sound-symbolic use of voice pitch。Sound Symbolism。Cambridge University Press。

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