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題名：以「未完成事件」為主題之團體諮商的治療因素、改變機制以及成員的改變歷程之分析研究
作者：蘇完女
作者(外文)：Su, Wan-Nu
校院名稱：彰化師範大學
系所名稱：輔導與諮商系
指導教授：吳秀碧
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2001
主題關鍵詞：未完成事件；團體諮商；治療因素；改變機制；改變歷程；unfinished business；group counseling；therapeutic factors；change mechanism；change process
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本研究旨在探討以未完成事件為主題的團體諮商，促使成員改變的治療因素、改變機制，以及成員的改變歷程。本研究採單一受試設計，以質性研究中的訪談法收集成員主觀知覺團體的重要事件和該重要事件的影響；另外，以觀察法收集團體過程的資料。共有八位成員參與本研究，並接受十週，每週三小時的團體諮商。
依研究問題，主要發現如下：
一. 團體成員知覺的團體治療因素，包括：觀察學習、早期家庭經驗重現、人際學習（輸入）、成員訊息提供、領導者介入、替代學習、普遍性和注入希望、被支持接納的感覺等九項因素。在改變機制方面，本研究發現成員內在運作的改變機制包括：利他性、自我揭露、情緒宣洩、模仿、重新建構困擾問題（即未完成事件）、自我覺察、自我瞭解、重新瞭解重要他人、重新瞭解與重要他人的關係、激發改變動機、產生自我期許、認同、正向自我教導、自我監控以及人際學習（輸出）等十五項改變機制。除了治療因素和改變機制之外，本研究也發現除了治療因素之外，團體也可能產生阻礙成員成長的反治療因素，包括：領導者的不當介入、團體信任感不夠、成員的負面回饋、成員負面的非語言行為、以及負面的情感轉移等六項反治療因素。另外，本研究發現，成員所知覺的重要事件中，有些係引發成員參與的動機、增加成員在團體中的自主和負責態度或者讓成員有被支持、接納的感覺，這些重要事件並不會造成成員的直接改變，因此研究者將它們命名為團體所提供的改變條件，包括：低結構的團體性質、領導者的特質、團體凝聚力與成員投入，以及團體開始的場面構成。
二. 就成員解決未完成事件的歷程方面，本研究發現成員成功解決未完成事件的歷程如下：成員充分表達自己的未完成事件→充分體驗和宣洩情緒→重新瞭解重要他人本身所受的傷害或限制→瞭解自己未滿足的需求→重新建構自己、重新建構未完成事件，以及重新建構自己與重要他人的關係←→原諒重要他人→改變對重要他人的看法、改變對自己的看法→接納重要他人，接納自己、肯定自己、珍惜自己→改變與重要他人的互動方式，自我價值感提升、自主性或能力感增加。如重要他人已不在身邊，其改變的歷程有所不同，當事人在重新建構過去與重要他人的關係或過去的傷害之後，長期壓抑的情感獲得釋放，進而能夠重新看待過去的關係，接受哀傷或失落的事實，重新投入新的生活。另外，本研究發現未能成功解決的當事人主要停留在重新瞭解自己或重新瞭解重要他人的階段。
三. 本研究發現影響成員在團體中未完成事件解決與否的因素如下：1.來自成員個人的因素（包括：成員本身的特質、成員進入團體前問題解決的階段、成員過去解決問題的模式、成員先前參與團體的經驗、以及成員帶入團體中的問題性質）；2.來自團體歷程的因素（包括：成員對團體或領導者的迷思、團體中的情感轉移問題、團體的凝聚力或信任感、領導者的因素，以及其他成員的因素）；3.來自團體外的生活事件（包括：特殊節慶的影響、生活中的突發事件，以及成員目前所關切的事件）等三大因素，且這些因素可能是相互影響著。
最後根據本研究的發現，提出對諮商實務工作者、親職教育工作者，以及未來研究之建議。
關鍵字：未完成事件、團體諮商、治療因素、改變機制、改變歷程
The major purpose of this study is to explore the change process, change mechanism and therapeutic factors in counseling a group of members with unfinished business. The research method is intensive single-subject design. The subjects consisted of eight women between the ages of 28 to 44(M = 38), who were experiencing unfinished business with a significant person. Each member receiving 10 weekly group counseling sessions for 3 hours a week. After each session, all of the members were interviewed separately by researcher to collect the significant events and their group experiences. Besides the interviewing, the researcher also collected the process data of the group by observing and recording it. The findings were as follows:
A. The therapeutic factors from the members’ perception including observing learning, reenact the early family experiences, interpersonal learning (input), imparting information of members, leader’s intervention, vicarious learning, university ,the feelings of accepted and supported, identification and instillation of hope.
B. The change mechanism were including altruism, self-disclosure, catharsis, imitation, re-constructing the target complaints, self-aware, self-understanding, reconstructing the significant others, reconstructing the relationship with the significant others, improving the change motivation, self-expect, positive self-instruct, self-monitor, and interpersonal learning (output).
C. In addition to the therapeutic factors and change mechanism, there were some anti-therapeutic factors, including: leader’s inappropriate interventions, negative transference, negative feedback that come from members, negative nonverbal language response and lack of trustworthiness. This study also found some significant events that will motivate the willingness of members, but can’t make the members to change anymore. The researcher named them the change conditions, including the nature of the group, leader’s personality, the cohesiveness, the leader’s arrangement before the group.
D. The resolved unfinished business events including the following process: come out their unfinished business→experiencing the pain feeling and catharsis→understanding of the significant others→explore the unmet needs→reconstructing self, reconstructing the unfinished business events, reconstructing the relationship with their significant others→forgiving others→change the view of others, change the view of themselves→accept others, accept themselves, self assertion→change the interaction style with their significant others, raising their self-esteem and empowerment. If the members’ unfinished business is about the grief or loss, there will be the different process. When they reconstructing the relationship with their significant others and release their feelings, they accepted the fact of loss and living a new life without the deceased. The members that unresolved are just at the stage of self-understanding or understanding others.
E. There are some factors to influence the members’ resolved unfinished business or not. They are included three factors:1.the input factors (member’s personality, their change stage, their problem solving style, their pre-experience and the nature of their problems)；2.the process factors (the myth about leader or group, the group transference, the group cohesive or trustworthiness, the factor come from the leader or other members)；3. some events that happened out of the group.
Suggestions for the counseling practice, the parenting educators, and further research are discussed.
Key words: unfinished business, group counseling, therapeutic factors, change mechanism, change process
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