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題名:農業生物技術之智財權與管制體系研究
作者:李崇僖
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:國家發展研究所
指導教授:謝銘洋
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2002
主題關鍵詞:基因改造食品育種家權利植物專利生物安全議定書植物遺傳資源標示義務genetically modified organismplant breeders'' rightsplant patentbiosafety protocolplant genetic resourceslabeling obligation
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(1) 專書(1) 專書論文(0)
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本論文之研究主題為農業生物技術之相關法律問題,並以智慧財產權及管制體系為研究範圍。本論文對此兩大議題之研究取向採取政治經濟分析為出發點,並強調生態政治學之理論觀點。因此本論文並非純粹之法律解釋分析取向,而是強調從科技與法律之生成背景加以理解,並作為瞭解整體發展趨勢之依據。詳言之,本論文所提出之問題意識包括如下:
一、農業生物技術成為一種產業界積極運用的技術,是在何種政治經濟脈絡下形成的發展?此種政治經濟背景會以何種方式影響該技術領域之發展方向?
二、農業生物技術之產業發展型態對哪些人產生直接利益?對哪些人而言則是形成更不利之發展?又其所產生的科技風險若係確實存在,將會由哪些人負擔此種風險?
三、農業智慧財產權體制因著生物技術之突破而迅速發展,此種新法律體制將可能對既有社會經濟型態產生哪些影響?
四、農業生物技術產業終究必須在自由經濟市場中生存,因此其發展必須依附於市場性基礎。目前消費者對基因改造食品之安全疑慮是否會造成該產業發展之障礙?
本論文之分析指出,農業生物技術之出現應從歐美農糧體制之危機與轉型過程加以理解,亦即歐美工業社會型態從福特主義進入後福特主義時期,使農業化學產業面臨正當化危機以及產業前景危機,因而進入資本轉型階段展開企業併購,形成新的農業生物科技集團。在此種政治經濟脈絡下所發展之農業生物技術產業,不僅在技術內涵上與農業化學商品之市場鞏固有關,更促成農業智慧財產權體系之加速發展,因此本論文特別分析農業智慧財產權體制演變之過程及其可能影響。
另一方面由於農業生物技術帶有生態安全以及食用安全之雙重風險,因此其亦面臨日益嚴格之管制政策以及消費市場之不確定性,在此發展趨勢下對於農業生物技術產業發展亦會形成限制,本論文因此對管制體系之國際趨勢加以分析。最後本論文針對台灣發展農業生物技術之幾項法律問題做出學術探討後之結論建議。
This dissertation studied two important legal issues of agricultural biotechnology, that is, intellectual property rights and regulatory systems around agricultural biotechnology. I introduced an analyzing approach of political economy for this studies, that was called political ecology. For this sake, this dissertation was not typical legal studies, but should be seen as political economic analysis of law.
There are several questions to be asked and resolved in this dissertation, among other things, the most critical question is how the agricultural biotechnology and related industries were evolved and developed, especially from 1980s to 1990s. After recognizing agricultural biotechnological industries as the capital transformation of chemical industries, we can learn about the essential meaning of that newborn industry. In the industries leaded and dominated by few conglomerates, intellectual property rights would be used as strategic tools to control the resources and to expand their market shares.
On the other hand, the food safety and biological safety problems remained to impede the expanding effort of those life science industry giants. This dissertation also made a description of most related regulatory systems in European Union, Japan and United States, and probed into some legal issues about free trade and regulations, such as labeling obligations, precautionary principle and traceability regime.
Before entering to the last chapter, I illustrated some major issues of agricultural biotechnology in Taiwan, and then suggested some amendment in law, based on the findings of this dissertation.
一、中文著作
(一)中文書籍
李彥譯(2001) 《遺傳學》,香港:三聯書店。(Brookes, Martin (1999) Get A Grip on Genetics. The Ivy Press Limited.)
杜默譯(2002) 《基因騙術》,台北:時報出版。(Boyens, Ingeborg (1999) Unnatural Harvest: How Genetic Engineering is Altering Our Food)
何沙崙譯(1981) 《生態學與匱乏政治學》,台北:華泰書局。(Ophuls, William(1977) Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity.)
邱華賢等譯(2001) 《生物科技概論》,台北:學富文化。(Barnum, R. Susan (2000) Biotechnology: An Introduction.)
涂可欣譯(1999)《看!這就是生物學》,台北:天下文化。(Mayr, Ernst (1997) This Is Biology: The Science of Living World.)
陳隆志(1998) 《當代國際法文獻選集》,台北:前衛出版社。
陳隆志(1999) 《當代國際法引論》,台北:元照出版社。
陳希煌編(1994) 《參與GATT對農業之衝擊及政策因應》,台北:業強出版社。
陳其邁譯(2001),《失控的世界》,台北:時報出版。(Giddens, Anthony(1999) Runaway world: how globalization is reshaping our lives.)
陳潁峰譯(2001) 《環境與政治》,台北:韋伯文化。(Doyle, Timothy& Doug McEachern(1998) Environment And Politics)
葉俊榮(1999) 《全球環境議題:台灣觀點》,台北:巨流圖書。
羅昌發(1999) 《國際貿易法》,台北:元照出版。
嚴麗娟譯(2001) 《生物科技大商機》,台北:聯經出版。(Robbins-Roth, Cynthia (2000) From Alchemy to IPO: Big Rewards and New Chances in the Business of Biotechnology. Perseus Books.)
顧忠華(2001) 《第二現代:風險社會的出路》,台北:巨流出版。new window
(二)學位論文
王凱玲(1999) 《生物技術發明之專利保護》,國立台灣大學法律研究所碩士論文。
陳怡臻(1997) 《植物育種家權利法規的比較》,國立台灣大學農藝學研究所碩士論文。
翁雅欣(1996) 《生物多樣性公約發展與台灣因應之研究》,國立台灣大學法律研究所碩士論文。
廖文孜(2001) 《生物遺傳資源之智慧財產權保護》,國立台灣大學法律研究所碩士論文。
楊旻翰(2000) 《台灣生技產業前景及各國發展模式分析》,國立中央大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
劉慧德(2000) 《美國CAFC基因工程專利訴訟案例分析》,國立交通大學科技管理學程碩士論文。
蘇建誠(2000) 《台灣農業技術之智慧財產權管理政策與制度研究》,國立政治大學科技管理研究所碩士論文。
(三)期刊論文
古德業(2000) 〈各主要國家與國際經貿組織對基因改造產品之管理現況〉,收錄於《基因轉殖生物相關議題研討會論文集》,國科會生命科學研究推動中心,2000年6月16日,頁47-55。
周桂田(1999) 〈基因改造產品應強制標示〉,生物科技與法律研究通訊,第4期,頁20-22。
(2000a) 〈基因科技與風險全球化趨勢〉,科學月刊,第371期,頁954-958。
(2000b) 〈生物科技產業與社會風險─遲滯型高科技風險社會〉,台灣社會研究,第39期,頁239-283。
徐源泰(2000) 〈生物安全議定書與其影響〉,生物產業,11卷4期,頁40-50。
徐國士、蔡飛(2002) 〈台灣植物多樣性研究規劃之探討〉,《生物多樣性季刊》,第四期,香港:郭良蕙新事業有限公司。
陳文吟(1999) 〈探討修改「進步性」專利要件以因應生物科技發展的必要性─以美國法為主〉,華岡法粹,Vol. 27。new window
(2002) 〈由美國楝樹發明專利探討新穎性相關規定之合理性〉,台大法學論叢,31卷1期。
陳怡臻、郭華仁(1997) 〈植物專利新法對於種苗產業的衝擊─試論植物育種家權利範圍及其限制〉,生物產業,1997年9月號及12月號。
郭華仁等(1999) 〈植物種苗法修訂建議〉,種苗科技專訊,31期,頁13-15。
郭華仁(2001) 〈植物育種家權利的國際現況〉,國際農業科技新知,第6期,頁7-9。
張仁平(2001) 〈台灣生物技術專利保護之回顧與前瞻〉,《萬國法律》No. 115, 116,頁80-88,110-118。
蔡明誠(2001) 〈基因技術與發明專利問題〉,《萬國法律》No. 118, 119,頁45-57,64-72。
蘇遠志(2000) 〈國際基因轉殖產品相關法規之發展趨勢〉,收錄於《基因轉殖生物相關議題研討會論文集》,國科會生命科學研究推動中心,2000年6月16日,頁1-38。
二、英文著作
(一)英文書籍
Adelman, J. Martin eds. (1998) Cases And Materials on Patent Law. St. Paul: West Group.
Altman, Arie ed. (1998) Agricultural Biotechnology. New York: Marcel Dekker.
American Breeders Association (1905) Proceedings of the first and second annual meetings of the American Breeders Association, 1903 and 1904. Washington, DC: American Breeders Association.
Asian Productivity Organization (2000) Food Security in Asia And the Pacific. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.
Avery, William P. ed. (1993) World Agriculture And The GATT. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Bass, Susan Perkoff eds. (1999) Protecting Biodiversity: National Laws Regulating Access to Genetic Resources in the Americas. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
Bettolo G. B. Marini ed. (1987) Towards a Second Green Revolution. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing.
Cochrane, Willard W. (1979) The Development of American Agriculture: A historical analysis. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Connelly, James& Graham Smith (1999) Politics And the Environment: From Theory to Practice. New York: Routledge.
Correa, M. Carlos (2000) Intellectual Property Rights, the WTO and Developing Countries. Penang: Third World Network.
Cosbey, Aaron & Stas Burgiel (2000), The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: An Analysis of Results, Winnipeg: IISD
Crosby, A. W. (1986) Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. London: Cambridge University Press.
Dowling N. G. and S. M. Greenfield eds. (1998) Sustainability of Rice in the Global Food System. Los Banos: IRRI.
Erbisch, F. H. and K. M. Maredia ed. (1998) Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural Biotechnology. New York: CABI Publishing.
Francis, H. William and Robert C. Collins (1995) Case And Materials on Patent Law. St. Paul: West Publishing Co.
Friedland, H. William eds. (1991) Towards a New Political Economy of Agriculture. Boulder: Westview Press.
Glaeser, Bernhard ed. (1987) The Green Revolution Revisited: Critique and alternatives. London: Allen& Unwin.
Glowka, Lyle(1998) A Guide to Designing Legal Frameworks to Determine Access to Genetic Resources. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Cambridge and Bonn.
Goodin, E. Robert(1992) Green Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Goodman, David and Bernardo Sorj, John Wilkinson (1987) From Farming to Biotechnology: A Theory of Agro-Industrial Development. New York: Basil Blackwell Inc.
Hadwiger F. Don and William P. Browne eds. (1987) Public Policy and Agricultural Technology. London: Macmillan Press.
Heiser, C. B. (1973) Seed to Civilization: The Story of Man’s Food. San Francisco: Freeman& Company.
Ho, Mae-Wan (1998) Genetic Engineering: Dream or Nightmare? Penang: Third World Network.
Hoagland, K. Elaine and Amy Y. Rossman eds. (1997) Global Genetic Resources: Access, Ownership, and Intellectual Property Rights. Washington, D. C. : Association of Systematics Collections.
Ingersent, A. Ken and A. J. Rayner (1999) Agricultural Policy in Western Europe and the United States. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Jaenichen, Hans-Rainer (1997) The European Patent Office’s Case Law on the Patentability of Biotechnology Invention. Koln: Heymann.
Johnson, P. Stanley (1993) The Earth Summit: The United Nation’s Conference on Environment And Development(UNCED). Norwell: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group.
Kate, ten Kerry& Sarah A. Laird (1999) The Commercial Use of Biodiversity: Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing. London: Earthscan.
Kenney, Martin (1986) Biotechnology: The University-Industrial Complex. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Kiple, K. F. and K. C. Ornelas, eds. (2000) The Cambridge World History of Food. (2 Volumes) London: Cambridge University Press.
Kloppenburg, Jack Ralph Jr. (1988a) First The Seed: The political economy of plant biotechnology, 1492-2000. New York: Cambridge University Press.
(1988b) Seeds And Sovereignty: The Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources. Durham: Duke University Press.
Lipietz, Alain(1995) Green Hopes: The Future of Political Ecology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Maskus, E. Keith (2000) Intellectual Property Rights In The Global Economy. Washington, D. C. : Institute For International Economics.
Moses, Vivian& Ronald E. Cape eds. (1999) Biotechnology: The Science and the Business. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
National Science Board (1986) Science Indicators, 1985. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
Nijar, Gurdial Singh (1999), Model National Biosafety Law, Penang: Third World Network
Nottingham, Stephen (1998) Eat Your Genes: How genetically modified food is entering our diet. New York: Zed Books Ltd.
O’Brien, Robert and Anne Marie Goetz eds. (2000) Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements. Cambridge University Press.
Perkins, H. John (1997) Geopolitics And The Green Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
Peterson, R. Gale (1993) Understanding Biotechnology Law: Protection, Licensing and Intellectual Property Policies. NY: M. Dekker.
Porritt, Jonathon (2000) Playing Safe: Science and the Environment. London: Thames& Hudson.
Reid, Walter V. and Ana Sittenfeld eds. (1993) Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development. USA: World Resources Institute.
Ritson C. and D. R. Harvey eds. (1997) The Common Agricultural Policy. London: CAB International.
Ryan, Michael P. (1998) Knowledge Diplomacy: Global Competition and the Politics of Intellectual Property. Washington, D. C. : Brookings Institution Press.
Sachs, Wolfgang ed. (1993) Global Ecology: A New Arena of Political Conflict. London: Zed Books Ltd..
Sanchez, Vicente ed. (1994) Biodiplomacy: Genetic Resources and International Relations. Nairobi, Kenya: ACTS Press.
Santaniello, V. and R. E. Evenson ed. (2000) Agriculture And Intellectual Property Rights: Economic, institutional and implementation issues in biotechnology. New York: CABI Publishing.
Sen, Amartya (1999) Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor Books.
Shantharam, Sivramiah and Jane F. Montgomery eds. (1999) Biotechnology, Biosafety, And Biodiversity: Scientific and ethical issues for sustainable development. Enfield: Science Publishers.
Sheridan, Brian (2001) EU Biotechnology Law& Practice: Regulating Genetically Modified& Novel Food Products. Hampshire: Palladian Law Publishing.
Shiva Vandana (1997) Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature And Knowledge. Boston: South End Press.
Smith, J. Mark (1998) Ecologism: Towards Ecological Citizenship. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Smith, Jackie and Charles Chatfield eds. (1997) Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State. New York: Syracuse University Press.
Swanson, M. Timothy (2002) Biotechnology, Agriculture and the Developing World. Northampton: Edward Elgar.
Swift, Adam (1993) Global Political Ecology: The Crisis in Economy and Government. Boulder: Pluto Press.
Switzer, V. Jacqueline(1997) Green Backlash: The History and Politics of Environmental Opposition in the U. S. London: Boulder.
Vogler, John & Mark F. Imber eds. (1996), The Environment And International Relations, New York: Routledge
(二)期刊論文
Adler, Jonathan H.(2000), More Sorry Than Safe: Assessing the Precautionary Principle And the Proposed International Biosafety Protocol, Texas International Law Journal, Vol. 35, pp. 173-206
Altieri, A. Miguel (1998) Ecological Impacts of Industrial Agriculture and the Possibilities for Truly Sustainable Farming, Monthly Review, Vol. 50 No. 3
Bentley, Philip (2000), A Re-Assessment of Article XX, Paragraphs (b) And (g), of GATT 1994 in the Light of Growing Consumer And Environmental Concern About Biotechnology, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 24, pp. 107-131
Bosselmann, Klaus (1996) Plants And Politics: The International Legal Regime Concerning Biotechnology And Biodiversity. Colorado Journal of International Law And Policy, Vol. 7
Cataldo, Di Vincenzo (2002) From the European Patent to a Community Patent, Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 8, Winter 2002
Charnovitz, Steve (2000), The Supervision of Health and Biosafety Regulation by World Trade Rules, Tulane Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 13, pp. 271-302
Collinson, M. P. and K. L. Wright (1991) Biotechnology and the International Agriculture Research Centers of the CGIAR, 21st Conference of the International Association of Agricultural Economists. Tokyo, Japan, August 22-29, 1991.
Downes, R. David (2000) How Intellectual Property Could Be a Tool to Protect Traditional Knowledge, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, No. 25
Falkner, Robert (2000), Regulating biotech trade: the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, International Affairs, Vol. 76, No.2, pp.299-313
Foster, George K. (1998) Opposing Forces in a Revolution in International Patent Protection: The U. S. and India in the Uruguay Round And Its Aftermath. UCLA Journal of International Law And Foreign Affair, Vol. 3
Fresco, Louise (2001) Genetically Modified Organisms in Food and Agriculture: Where are we? Where are we going? Keynote Address in Conference on Crop and Forest Biotechnology for the Future, Falkeberg, Sweden 16 to 18 September 2001.
Gaston, Gretchen L. & Randall S. Abate (2000), The Biosafety Protocol And The World Trade Organization: Can the Two Coexist?, Pace International Law Review, Vol. 12, pp. 107-151
Hagen, Paul E. & John Barlow Weiner (2000), The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: New Rules for International Trade in Living Modified Organisms, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Vol.12, pp. 697-716
Halewood, Michael (1999) Indigenous and Local Knowledge in International Law: A Preface to Sui Generis Intellectual Property Protection. McGill Law Journal, No. 44
Heffer, P. (1998) speech during consultation on SINGER at the FAO, Rome, 11-13 November, ASSINSEL, Nyon, Switzerland.
Holwick, Scott (1999) Trade and the Environment: Developing Nations and the Agreement on Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law & Policy, No. 49
IISD (2000), Earth Negotiations Bulletin: A Reporting Service for Environment and Development Negotiations, Vol. 9, No. 132-137
Janis, D. Mark (2001) Sustainable development, agriculture, and the challenge of genetically modified organisms: sustainable agriculture, patent rights, and plant innovation., Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 9
Kalaitzandonakes, Nicholas and Marvin Hayenga (2000) Structural Change in the Biotechnology and Seed Industrial Complex: Theory and Evidence. in Transitions in Agbiotech: Economics of Strategy and Policy, Proceedings of NE-165 Conference June 24-25, 1999 Washington, D.C.
Spindler, A. Karen (2001) Current patent protection granted for genetically modified organisms under the European Patent Convention and the scandal of EP 0695351. Computer and High Tech. Law Journal, Vol. 18
Marglin, A. Stephen (1996) Farmers, Seedsmen, and Scientists: Systems of Agriculture and Systems of Knowledge. Decolonizing Knowledge-From Development to Dialogue, pp. 185-247, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
McManis, R. Charles (1998) The Interface between Intellectual Property and Environmental Protection: Biodiversity and Biotechnology. Washington University Law Quarterly Vol. 76, No. 1, Spring 1998, pp. 255-292.
Middendorf, Gerad and Mike Skladany (1998) New Agricultural Biotechnologies: The Struggle for Democratic Choice. Monthly Review, Vol. 50, No. 3.
Phillips, Peter W. B. & William A. Kerr (2000), Alternative Paradigms: The WTO Versus the Biosafety Protocol for Trade in Genetically Modified Organisms. Journal of World Trade, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 63-76
Quintillán, Sara Pardo(1999), Free Trade, Public Health Protection and Consumer Information in the European and WTO Context. Journal of World Trade, Vol.33, No.6, pp. 147-197
Roobeek, J. M. Annemieke (2001) The Crisis in Fordism and the Rise of a New Technological Paradigm. in Bob Jessop ed. Regulationist Perspectives On Fordism And Post-Fordism, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Saigo, Holly (2000), Agricultural Biotechnology and the Negotiation of the Biosafety Protocol. Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Vol.12, pp. 779-816
Sittenfeld, Ana. (1992) Tropical Medicinal Plant Conservation and Development Projects: the Case of the Costa Rican National Institute of Biodiversity. Paper presented at the Rainforest Alliance Tropical Forest Medical Resources and the Conservation of Biodiversity symposium, New York, January 1992.
Spranger, Tade Matthias (2002) Europe''s Biotech Patent Landscape: Conditions and Recent Developments. Minnesota Intellectual Property Review, Vol. 3
Stegemann, Klaus (2000) The Integration of Intellectual Property Rights into the WTO System. Journal of World Trade Vol. 23 No.9
Stevenson, Gelvina Rodriguez (2000) Trade Secrets: The secret to protecting indigenous ethnobiological (medicinal) knowledge. N. Y. U. Journal of International Law and Policy, No. 32.
Weiss, W. G. (1969) Public-industry position on plant variety protection. HortScience Vol. 4 No. 2
Wofford, Carrie(2000), A Greener Future at the WTO: The Refinement of WTO Jurisprudence on Environmental Exceptions to GATT. Harvard Environmental Law Review, Vol. 24, pp. 563-601
(一) 日文書籍
千葉燎郎等著(1999) 《WTO体制下のコメと食糧》,東京:日本経済評論社。
大塚善樹(1999) 《なぜ遺伝子組換え作物は開発されたか》,東京:明石書局。
大澤信一(2000) 《新アグリビジネス》,東京:東洋経済新報社。
中村耕三(1992) 《アメリカの有機農業》,東京:家の光協会。
天笠啟祐(2000a) 《遺伝子組み換え食品》,東京:綠風出版社。
(2000b) 《遺伝子組み換えとクローン技術100の疑問》,東洋経済新報社。
平野隆一、重富健一、暉峻眾三、宮村光重編(1995) 《現代資本主義と食糧.農業》,東京:大月書店。
辻井博(1997) 《世界の食糧不安と日本農業》,東京:家の光協会。
田中正武監譯(1991) 《種子は誰のもの》,東京:八坂書房。(Mooney, P. R. (1979) Seeds of the Earth: A Private or Public Resource? Canadian Council for International Co-operation)
西村実(2001) 《バイオテクノロジー》,東洋経済新報社。
吉田十一(2000) 《農產物の国際市場》,東京:筑波書房。
岡三証券企業調查部編(2000) 《バイオ.遺伝子ビジネス》,東京:東洋経済新報社。
服部信司(1998) 《アメリカ農業:現狀.歷史.政策》,東京:輸入食糧協議会事務局。
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高倉成男(2001) 《知的財產法制と国際政策》,東京:有斐閣。
(二) 期刊論文
久野秀二(2001a) 〈國際農業.食料システムの「再構築」と農業科学技術〉,收於中野一新.杉山道雄編,《グローバリゼーションと国際農業市場》,東京:筑波書房,頁69-102。
(2001b) 〈遺伝子組換え作物.食品の安全性─世界の動向から学ぶ〉,收於日本農業市場学会編集,《食品の安全性と品質表示》,東京:筑波書房,頁125-174。
平木祐輔(2001) 〈桃の新品種黃桃の育種增殖法の特許性について〉,《知財管理》,Vol. 51,No. 4。
田村明照(2000) 〈バイオテクノロジーの広い特許保護を巡る最近の論点〉,《特許研究》,No. 29。
板倉集一(2000) 〈植物新品種倉方黃桃育種增殖方法事件─最高裁判決に至るまで─〉,《特許研究》,No. 30。
紋谷暢男(1995)〈植物品種保護の現代的課題─バイオテクノロジーの進展に伴って─〉,收於落合誠一等編,《鴻 常夫先生古稀記念:現代企業立法の軌跡と展望》,東京:財團法人商事法務研究會,頁852-872。
豊田隆(1993) 〈農產物貿易を担う多国籍企業と国家〉,收於堀口健治等著《食料輸入大国への警鐘》,東京:農山漁村文化協会,頁131-178。
張曉都(2001) 〈バイオテクノロジー発明の特許性に関する比較研究〉,《知財研フォーラム》,Vol. 45。
斎藤誠(1997) 〈植物新品種の種苗法による保護と特許法による保護〉,收於斎藤博編,《裁判實務大系第27卷,知的財產關係訴訟法》,東京:青林書院,頁467-483。
溝手芳計(2001) 〈グローバル化.リージョナル化と食品安全制度〉,收於中野一新.杉山道雄編,《グローバリゼーションと国際農業市場》,東京:筑波書房,頁103-130。
 
 
 
 
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