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題名:柯靈烏歷史詮釋理論之研究
作者:湯瑞弘
作者(外文):Tang, Rueihong
校院名稱:中國文化大學
系所名稱:史學研究所
指導教授:孫同勛
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2008
主題關鍵詞:問答邏輯重演理論證據自律的歷史方法論實證主義科學主義對話陳述絕對預設現代性自我認知人性科學the logic of question and answerthe theory of reenactmentautonomousmethodology of historypositivismscientismdialogicalstatementabsolute presuppositioncontemporaryself-knowledgescience of human naturehistorical hermeneutics
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本論文闡釋牛津哲學家柯靈烏(R. G. Collingwood, 1889-1943) 的歷史詮釋論是以問答邏輯和重演理論的雙重核心所構成。即歷史家向過去的資料提問形成證據而重演古人的思想經驗;重演就是以問答重建過去人物經驗的過程,稱之為歷史。由此柯氏建構自律的歷史方法論,擺脫歷史實證主義以及科學主義。
柯靈烏的問答邏輯共有三個要點:第一、問答是對話的活動,就是某一「陳述」的含意脈絡。要知道某一句子的意思,就必須知道這句子所要回答的問題;第二、提問也是一個句子,來自歷史文化情境,隨時代而變遷,稱之為絕對預設;第三、問答的對話向過去的遺物遺跡發問而得回答,形成「歷史」。其「證據」即史料及其向史家所問的回答,此問答在「此時」發生,故歷史有現代性,常須重寫。
問答邏輯的意義有三:第一、歷史是在時間脈絡中之對話過程。歷史家發問所得的終究之「答」是古人的經驗,此經驗體現古人的思想;第二、此問答過程顯現於重演,重演就是史家所重新發現、再次經驗古人的思想經驗。因此重演是思維的經驗;第三、歷史就是歷史家在現在重演古人思維性的經驗。
總之,歷史家向「過去遺物」理性地提問,而依據此「證據」以問答性重演以往的思想經驗。由而人性在歷史的發展中展現。歷史即人類的自我認知,也就是人性科學。這是柯氏的歷史詮釋論對歷史學的一大貢獻。
The present thesis explicates an Oxonian philosopher R. G. Collingwood’s (1889-1943) understanding of history as made of two nuclei, the logic of question and answer (Q-A) and reenactment. Historians question remains of the past to form “evidence” on which to reenact thoughtful experiences of the ancient. Reenactment is then the process of re-constructing, by Q-A, the past experiences, called “history”, which therefore, Collingwood says, is our self-knowledge, our science of human nature. Thus Collingwood establishes an autonomous methodology of history independent of positivism or scientism.
First, Q-A is dialogical, the meaning-context of a statement. To know what a statement means, we must ascertain the question it is meant to answer. Further, questioning can also be rendered as a statement, meaningful in its contemporary cultural context that shifts, called “Absolute Presupposition”. Finally, we question documents and remains of the past to obtain answers to form “history”, whose “evidence” is these documents and their answers to historian’s questions. Such a Q-A dialogue takes place “here now”; history is contemporary, always to be rewritten.
History is the process of dialogue across time. The ultimate answer obtained by historians is the ancient’s experiences that contain their ideas. Such a Q-A process is manifested in reenactment that amounts to a rediscovery by historians, who thus re-experience what ancient people had thought and experienced. Reenactment is then thoughtful experience. Such historians’ re-experiencing reenacts, at present, ancient experiences.
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