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題名:複製人類爭議之研究
作者:黃義成
作者(外文):Yi-Chen Huang
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:法律所
指導教授:施慧玲
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2010
主題關鍵詞:知悉父母之權利受父母照顧之權利家庭父母兒童利益親子關係細胞核置換複製人類複製胚胎人工生殖生殖權right to be cared for by parentsparenthoodparentsinterests of childrencell nuclear replacementright to know parentsembryoassisted reproductionfamilycloningprocreative rightshuman cloning
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人類複製係指人體組織之無性生殖,其基因與現存或先前存在之他人基因相同。由於桃莉羊之複製成功,引發對於人類複製亦將成功之推論。人類複製包括生殖性複製及醫療性複製,然無論生殖性複製或醫療性複製,其容許性均引起正反雙方極大之論辯。複製科技亦屬於生物科技領域之一環,而生物科技濫用於人體實驗或組織,恐帶來傷害人體或侵害人權之結果,因而國際間逐漸制定條約以約束個人之行為,並保護人性尊嚴。針對生物科技帶來之爭議,如過度限制生物科技之結果恐影響科學之發展。反之,過度放縱科學實驗之結果,恐將侵害人權或人性尊嚴,因而產生不同價值觀。從功利主義者之觀點,對於新的科技需考慮的是,此項科技帶來之利益是否多於損害,在利益及損害之間衡量,如利益大於損害,則應進行該項科技。然而如果從人權或人性尊嚴之觀點思考,縱然科技帶來之利益優於損害,仍需考慮正義感、權利、人類行為準則及人性尊嚴等因素,如有違反者則應加以禁止。而人性尊嚴之保護已成為國際法規範人類複製之主要價值觀。然從英、美及我國法觀察,似較偏向於功利主義,著重於科學研究所帶來之利益。
而生殖性人類複製業經聯合國及歐洲理事會禁止,英國、美國數州及我國,亦已立法禁止生殖性人類複製。然生殖性人類複製之禁止有無侵害人民受憲法保障之生殖權,非無爭議。諸多學者指出生殖性人類複製屬於憲法保障生殖權之範圍內,然而反對者另提出相反之見解加以反擊。故生殖性人類複製究竟是否受到憲法之保障,即呈現極為不同之價值觀。而如果認為生殖性人類複製係屬於憲法保障之基本權,則國家可否基於保留婚姻及家庭結構、保護個人自治權及隱私權、保護人類胚胎健康及安全或保留人類基因歧異性等理由加以禁止,學說亦呈現論戰之情形。而雖然生殖性人類複製受到多數法律體系之禁止,然許多科學家仍持續進行生殖性人類複製之研究,此項科技一旦成功,產生複製胚胎、複製人,則法律及憲法面之爭論焦點,恐怕必須移轉至思考如何保護複製胚胎,並賦予複製子女知悉其來源之權利或受父母照顧等權利,以保護複製子女之最佳利益。
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&action參考文獻
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二、英文文獻
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