:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:台灣華語中語音不全合併的詞頻與鄰近密度效應
作者:李盈興 引用關係
作者(外文):Ying-Shing Li
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:語言所
指導教授:麥傑
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2010
主題關鍵詞:台灣華語鄰近密度語音不全合併詞頻Taiwan Mandarinneighborhood densityincomplete neutralizationlexical frequency
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:358
none
This thesis investigated how lexical frequency and neighborhood density affect neutralization of sibilant onsets ([ts, tsh, s] vs. [tʂ, tʂh, ʂ]) and nasal codas ([n] vs. [ŋ]) in Taiwan Mandarin. The factors predicting gradient neutralization were examined by exploring the acoustic properties of the target segments and their adjacent vowels. In Experiment 1, when sociolinguistic (e.g., genders and home languages), phonological (e.g., segmental features), orthographic (e.g., familiarity of characters), competence-based (e.g., accuracy of spelling out syllables) and processing variables (e.g., production latency and response duration) were factored out, lexical frequency and neighborhood density still influenced neutralization. Both lexical effects increased nasal coda neutralization yet reduced sibilant onset neutralization. In Experiment 2, when forced to postpone their responses in a delayed naming task, speakers maintained or enhanced these lexical effects in sibilant onset neutralization, while reducing lexical effects in nasal coda neutralization. In Experiment 3, a spontaneous map description task, when speakers were aware of listeners’ previous experience producing a map description, neighborhood density affected both types of neutralization, but not when speakers knew that listeners were hearing the map description for the first time. Lexical frequency effects appeared in nasal coda neutralization only in the latter newly introduced speech condition. The overall results suggests that nasal coda neutralization was more subject to real-time phonological planning processes, while sibilant onset neutralization tended to reflect (semi-)conscious lexical selection aimed at fulfilling listener-oriented goals.
References
Amico, P., Charles-Luce, & McEldowney, E. (2004). The relation between semantics and lexical properties in spoken word production. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114, 2429.
Anderson, N. (1978). On the calculation of filter coefficients for maximum entropy analysis, in Childer D. G. (Ed.), Modern spectrum analysis (PP. 252-255). IEEE Press.
Aylett, M. & Turk, A. (2004). The smooth signal redundancy hypothesis: A functional explanation for relationships between redundancy, prosodic prominence, and duration in spontaneous speech. Language & Speech, 47, 31-56.
Baayen, R. H. (2001). Word frequency distribution. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Baayen, R. H. (2008). Analyzing linguistic data: A practical introduction to statistic Using R. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Balota, D. A., Boland, J. E., & Shields, L. W. (1989). Priming in pronunciation: Beyond pattern recognition and onset latency. Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 14-36.
Balota, D. A. & Chumbley, J. I. (1984). Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 340-357.
Bard, E. G. & Anderson, A. H. (1983). The unintelligibility of speech to children. Journal of Child Language, 10, 265-292.
Bard, E. G., Anderson, A. H., Sotillo, C., Aylett, M., Doherty-Sneddon, G., & Newlands, A. (2000). Controlling the intelligibility of referring expressions in dialogue. Journal of Memory and Language, 42, 1-22.
Bard, E. G. Robertson, D., & Sorace, A. (1996). Magnitude estimation of linguistic acceptability. Language, 72(1), 32-68.
Bates, D. & Maechler, M., & Dai, B. (2008). Lme4: Linear mixed-effects model using S4 class. R package.
Beddor, P. S., Krakow, R. A., & Lindemann, S. (2001). Patterns of perceptual compensation and their phonological consequences. In Hume, E. & Johnson, K. (Eds.), The role of speech perception in phonology (pp. 55-78). San Diego: Academic Press.
Bell, A., Jurafsky, D., Fosler-Lussier, E., Girand, C., Gregory, M., & Gildea, D. (2003). Effects of disfluencies, predictability, and utterance position on word form variation in English conversation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 113, 1001-1024.
Boersma, P. (1998). Functional phonology. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics.
Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2009). Praat: doing phonetics by computer (Version 5.1.04) [Computer program]. Retrieved April 4, 2009, from http://www.praat.org/
Bonin, P. & Fayol, M. (2002). Frequency effects in the written and spoken production of homophonic picture names. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 14(3), 289-313.
Bradlow, A. R. (2002). Confluent talker- and listener-oriented forces in clear speech production. In Gussenhoven, C. & Warner, N. (Eds.), Laboratory phonology 7 (pp. 241-273). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Brown, R. A. (2002). Effects of lexical confusability on the production of coarticulation. UCLA Working Paper in Phonetics, 101, 1-34.
Bybee, J. (2001). Phonology and language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bybee, J. & Hopper, P. (2001, editors). Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure. Amersterdam: John Benjamins.
Cai, Q. & Brysbaert, M. (2010). SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese word and character frequencies based on film subtitles. PLoS ONE, 5(6), 1-8.
Caramazza, A., Costa, A., Miozzo, M., & Bi, Y. (2001). The specific-word frequency effect: Implications for the representation of homophones in speech production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 1430-1450.
Chambers, J. K. (1995). Sociolinguistic theory: Linguistic variation and its social significance. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chao, Y.-R. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. University of California Press.
Chen, M. Y. & Wang, W. S.-Y. (1975). Sound change: Actuation and implementation. Language, 51(2), 255-281.
Charles-Luce, J. (1993). The effects of semantic context on voicing neutralization. Phonetica, 50, 28-43.
Charles-Luce, J. (1997). Cognitive factors involved in preserving a phonemic contrast. Language and Speech, 40(3), 229-248.
Chen, C.-Y. (1991). The nasal endings and retroflexed initials in Peking Mandarin: Instability and the trend of changes. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 19(2), 139-155.
Chen, C.-Y. (1991). Shendiao de zhuanbian yu kuosan: Taipei butong nianlingqun de quyang [聲調的轉變與擴散: 台北不同年齡群的取樣] [The tonal change and diffusion: From the sampling of different age groups in Taipei]. Journal of Chinese Language Teacher Association, 16(1), 69-99.
Chen, M. (1973). Cross-dialectal comparison: A case study and some theoretical considerations. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1(1), 38-63.
Chen, M. Y. (1995). Acoustic parameters of nasalized vowels in hearing-impaired and normal-hearing speakers. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 98(5), 2443-2453.
Chen, M. Y. (1997). Acoustic correlates of English and French nasalized vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 102(4), 2360-2370.
Chen, M. Y. (2000). Acoustic analysis of simple vowels preceding a nasal in Standard Chinese. Journal of Phonetics, 28, 43-67.
Cheng, C. C. (1973). A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. The Hague: Mouton.
Chiou, F.-D. (1997). The phonetic realization of final engma in Taipei. U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, 4(1), 203-227.
Chung, K. S. (2006). Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 16(2), 197-214.
Dell. G. S. (1986). A spreading activation theory of retrieval in language production. Psychological Review, 93, 283-321.
Dell, G. S. (1990). Effects of frequency and vocabulary type on phonological speech errors. Language and Cognitive Processes, 5, 313-349.
Dell, G. S. & Gordon, J. K. (2003). Neighbors in the lexicon Friends or foes? In Schiller, N. O. & Meyer, A. S. (Eds.), Phonetics and phonology in language comprehension and production: Differences and similarities. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
de Manrique, A. M. B., & Massone, M. I. (1981). Acoustic analysis and perception of Spanish fricative consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 69(4), 1145-1153.
Dinnson, D. A. & Charles-Luce, J. (1984). Phonological neutralization, phonetic implementation and individual differences. Journal of Phonetics, 12, 49-60.
Draegert, G. L. (1951). Relationships between voice variables and speech intelligibility in high level noise. Speech Monograph, 18, 272-278.
Duanmu, S. (2007). The phonology of standard Chinese (second edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Duanmu, S., Wakefield, G. H., Hsu, Y.-P., Qui, S.-P., & Cristina. G. R. (1998). Taiwanese Putonghua Speech and Transcripts. Linguistic Data Consortium. http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/Catalog/CatalogEntry.jsp?catalogId=LDC98S72.
Ernestus, M. & Baayen, R. H. (2003). Predicting the unpredictable: Interpreting neutralized segments in Dutch. Language, 79(1), 5-38.
Ernestus, M. & Baayen, R. H. (2006). The functionality of incomplete neutralization in Dutch: The cases of past-tense formation. In Goldsten, L., Whalen, D. H., & Best, C. T. (Eds.), Laboratory phonology 8 (pp. 27-49). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Featherston S. (2009a). Thermometer judgments as linguistic evidence. In Riehl, C. M. & Rothe, A. (Eds.), Was ist linguistische evidenz? (pp. 69-90). Aachen: Shaker Verlag.
Fernald, A. & Kuhl, P. (1987). Acoustic determinants of infant preference for motherese speech. Infant Behaviour and Development, 10, 279-293.
Forrest, K., Weismer, G., Milenkovic, P., & Dougall, R. N. (1988). Statistical analysis of word-initial voiceless obstruents: Preliminary data. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 84(1), 115-123.
Forster, J. (2009). DMDX Display Software (Version 3.3.11) [Computer program]. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kforster/dmdx/download.htm.
Fourakis, M. & Iverson, K. (1984). On the ‘Incomplete Neutralization’ of German final obstruents. Phonetica, 41, 140-149.
Fowler, C. A. (1988). Differential shortening of repeated content words produced in various communicative contexts. Language & Speech, 31(4), 307-319.
Fowler, C. A. & Housum, J. (1987). Talkers’ signaling of “new” and “old” words in speech and listeners’ perception and use of the distinction. Journal of Memory & Language, 26, 489-504.
Geffen, G. & Luszcz, M. A. (1983). Are spoken durations of rare words longer than those of common words? Memory & Cognition, 11(1), 13-15.
Goldinger, S. D. (1998). Echoes of echoes? An episodic theory of lexical access. Psychological Review, 105(2), 251-279.
Goldinger, S. D., Azuma, T., Abramson, M., & Jain, P. (1997). Open wide and say “Blah”: Attentional dynamics of delayed naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 190-216.
Goldinger, S. D., Luce, P. A., Pisoni, D. B. (1989). Priming lexical neighbors of spoken words: Effects of competition and inhibition. Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 501-518.
Gordon, J. K. (2002). Phonological neighborhood effects in aphasic speech errors: Spontaneous and structured contexts. Brain and Language, 82, 113-145.
Gordon, J. K. & Dell, G. S. (2001). Phonological neighborhood effects: Evidence from aphasia and connectionist modeling. Brain and Language, 79, 21-23.
Hanley, T. D. & Steer, M. D. (1946). Effect of level of distracting noise upon speaking rate, duration and intensity. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorder, 14, 363-368.
Harley, T. A. & Brown, H. E. (1998). What causes a tip-of-the-tongue state? Evidence for lexical neighborhood effects in speech production. British Journal of Psychology, 89, 151-174.
Harrington, J. (1994). The contribution of the murmur and vowel to the place of articulation distinction in nasal consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 96(1), 19-32.
Harris, K. S. (1958). Cues for the discrimination of American English fricatives in spoken syllables. Language and Speech, 1, 1-17.
Hawkins, S. & Warren, P. (1994). Phonetic influences on the intelligibility of conversational speech. Journal of Phonetics, 22, 493-511.
Hayes, B. Kirchner, R., & Steriade, D. (2004, editors). Phonetically based phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Her, O.-S. (2009). Language and group identity: On Taiwan Mainlanders’ mother tongue and Taiwan Mandarin. Language & Linguistics, 10(2), 375-419.
Hess, S. (1990). Universals of nasalization: Development of nasal finals in Wenling. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 18(1), 44-94.
Hsu, H.-J. (2005). Some Aspects of Phonological Leveling in Taiwan Mandarin. PhD dissertation. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Hsu, H.-J. & Tse, J. K.-P. (2007). Syllable-final nasal mergers in Taiwan Mandarin – Leveled but puzzling. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 33(1), 1-18.
Hunnitcutt, S. (1985). Intelligibility versus redundancy – Conditions of dependency. Language & Speech, 28(1), 47-56.
Jassem, W. & Richter, L. (1989). Neutralization of voicing in Polish obstruents. Journal of Phonetics, 17, 317-325.
Jeng, J.-Y. (2006). The acoustic spectral characteristics of retroflex fricatives and affricates in Taiwan Mandarin. Journal of Humanistic Studies, 40(1), 27-48.
Jeng, J.-Y. (2009). The auditory discrimination of Mandarin retroflex contrasts and spectral moment analysis. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 157-174.
Jescheniak, J. D. & Levelt, J. M. (1994). Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 824-843.
Jesus, L. & Shadle, C. (2002). A parametric study of the spectral characteristics of European Portuguese. Journal of Phonetics, 30, 437-464.
Jongman, A., Wayland, R., & Wong, S. (2000). Acoustic characteristics of English fricatives. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108(3), 1252-1263.
Jurafsky, D., Bell, A., Gregory, M. & Raymond, W. D. (2001). Probabilistic relations between words: Evidence from reduction in lexical production. In Bybee, J. & Hopper, P. (Eds.), Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure (pp. 229-254). Amsterdam: John Benjamin.
Kawamoto, A. H., Kello, C. T., Higareda, I., & Vu, V. Q. (1999). Parallel processing and initial phoneme criterion in naming words: Evidence from frequency effects in onsets and rime duration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 25(2), 362-382.
Kello, C. T., Plaut, D. C., & MacWhinney, B. (2000). The task dependence of staged versus cascaded processing: An empirical and computational study of stroop interference in speech production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129(3), 340-360.
Kent, R. D. & Read, C. (1992). The Acoustic Analysis of Speech. San Diego: Singular.
Kubler, C. C. (1985). The influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan. Anthropological Linguistics, 27(2), 156-176.
Kurowski, K. & Blumstein, S. E. (1984). Perceptual integration of the murmur and formant transitions for place of articulation in nasal consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 76(2), 383-390.
Labov, W. (1994). Principles of linguistic change: Internal factors. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ladefoged, P. (2005). Vowels & consonants (second edition). Oxford: Blackwell.
Ladefoged, P., & Wu, Z. (1984). Place of articulation: An investigation of Pekingese fricatives and affricates. Journal of Phonetics, 12, 267-278.
Lai, Y.-H. (2009). Acoustic correlates of Mandarin nasal codas and their contribution to perceptual saliency. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 35(2), 143-166.
Lane, H. & Trannel, B. (1971). The bombard sign and the role of hearing in speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 14, 677-709.
LaRiviere, C., Winitz, H., & Herriman, E. (1975). The distribution of perceptual cues in English prevocalic fricatives. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 18, 613-622.
Lee, W.-S. (1999). An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximants in Beijing Mandarin. Proceedings of the international congress on phonetic sciences 1999, San Francisco (pp. 413-416).
Levelt, J. M., Roelofs A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 1-75.
Lieberman, P. (1963). Some effects of semantic and grammatical context on the production and perception of speech. Language and Speech, 6, 172-178.
Li, D. C.-C. (1986). Problems and trends of standardization of Mandarin Chinese in Taiwan. Anthropological Linguistics, 27(2), 122-140.
Lin, C. C. (2002). Nasal endings of Taiwan Mandarin: Production, perception, and linguistic change. Paper presented at the 35th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Language and Linguistics, Arizona State University, Tempe.
Lindblom, B. (1990). Explaining phonetic variation: A sketch of H & H theory. In Hardcastle, W. J. & Marchal, A. (Eds.), Speech production and speech modeling (pp. 403-440). Amsterdam: Kluwer.
Lombard, É. (1911). Le signe de l''élévation de la voix [The sign of the elevation of the voice]. Annales des Maladies de L’Oreille et du Larynx, 37(2), 101–119.
Luce, P. A. (1986). Neighborhoods of words in the mental lexicon. Research on speech perception, technical report no. 6. Speech Research Laboratory, Indian University, Bloomington, IN.
Luce, P. A. & Charles-Luce, J. (1985). Contextual effects in vowel duration, closure duration, and the consonant/vowel ratio in speech production. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 78(6), 1949-1957.
Luce, P. A. & Pisoni, D. B. (1998). Recognizing spoken words: The neighborhood activation model. Ear and Hearing, 19(1), 1-36.
Luo, C.-J. [羅肇錦]. (1991). Naure kunkun: Dazhong chuanpouyu de fenhe [鬧熱滾滾:大眾傳播語的分合] [Bustling with noise: The division and integration of the mass communication languages]. The World of Chinese Language, 7(6), 12-15.new window
Ma, P. -Y. (2006). Social stereotypes and accent perception in Taiwan. M.A. thesis. National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
Malécot, A. (1956). Acoustic cues for nasal consonants: An experimental study involving a tape-slicing technique. Language, 32(2), 274-284.
McRae, K., Jared, D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1990). On the roles of frequency and lexical access in word naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 43-65.
Moon, S.-J. & Lindblom, B. (1994). Interaction between duration, context, and speaking style. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 96(1), 40-55.
Mou, X. (2006). Nasal codas in standard Chinese – A study in the framework of the distinctive feature theory. PhD dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Munson, B. (2007). Lexical access, lexical representation, and vowel production. In Cole, J. & Hualde, J. I. (Eds.), Laboratory phonology 9 (pp. 201-227). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Munson, B. & Solomon, N. P. (2004). The influence of phonological neighborhood density on vowel articulation. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47, 1048-1058.
Myers, J. & Li, Y. (2009). Lexical frequency effects in Taiwan Southern Min syllable contraction. Journal of Phonetics, 37, 212-230.
Myers, J. & Tsay, J. (2008). Neutralization in Taiwan Southern Min tone sandhi. Language. In Hsiao, Y., Hsu, H.-C., Wee, L.-H., & Ho, D.-A. (Eds.), Interfaces in Chinese phonology: Festschrift in honor of Matthew Y. Chen on his 70th birthday (pp. 47-78). Language and Linguistics Monograph Series Number W-8. Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Sinica.
Myers, S. & Hansen, B. B. (2007). The origin of vowel length neutralization in final position: Evidence from Finnish speakers. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 25, 157-193.
Newman, R. S. (2003). Using links between speech perception and speech production to evaluate different acoustic metrics: A preliminary report. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 113(5), 2850-2860.
Newman, R. S., Clouse, S. A., & Burnham, J. L. (2001). The perceptual consequences of within-talker variability in fricative production. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109(3), 1181-1196.
Nittrouer, S., & Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1987). The role of coarticulatory effects in the perception of fricatives by children and adults. Journal of Speech Hearing Research, 30, 319-329.
Nittrouer, S., Studdert-Kennedy, M., & McGowan, R. S. (1989). The emergence of phonetic segments: Evidence from the spectral structure of fricative-vowel syllables spoken by children and adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 32, 120-132.
Oldfield, R. C. & Wingfield, A. (1965). Response latencies in naming objects. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 273-281.
Phillips, B. S. (1984). Word frequency and the actuation of sound change. Language, 60(2), 320-342.
Phillips, B. S. (1999). The mental lexicon: Evidence from lexical diffusion. Brain & Language, 68, 104-109.
Phillips, B. S. (2001). Lexical diffusion, lexical frequency, and lexical analysis. In Bybee, J. & Hopper, P. (Eds.), Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure (pp. 123-136). Amersterdam: John Benjamins.
Picheny, M. A., Durlach, N. I., & Braida, L. D. (1986). Speaking clearly for the hard of hearing II: Acoustic characteristics of clear and conversational speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 29, 434-446.
Pierrehumbert, J. B. (2002). Word-specific phonetics. In Gussenhoven, C. & Warner, N. (Eds.), Laboratory phonology 7 (pp. 101-139). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Pinheiro, J. C. & Bates, D. M. (2000). Mixed effects models in S and S-PLUS. Berlin: Springer.
Pluymaekers, M., Ernestus, M., & Baayen, R. H. (2005). Articulatory planning is continuous and sensitive to informational redundancy. Phonetica, 62, 146-159.
Port, R. F. & O’Dell, M. L. (1985). Neutralization of syllable-final voicing in German. Journal of Phonetics, 13, 455-471.
Port, R. F. & Crawford, P. (1989). Incomplete neutralization and pragmatics in German. Journal of Phonetics, 17, 257-282.
R Development Core Team. (2009). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN: 3-900051-17-0, URL .
Rau, D.-H., & Li, M.-C. (1994). Phonological variation of /tʂ/, /tʂh/, /ʂ/ in Mandarin Chinese. Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Chinese language pedagogy, Chientan, Taipei (pp. 346-366).
Recasens, D. (1983). Place cues for nasal consonants with special reference to Catalan. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 73(4), 1346-1353.
Savage, G. R., & Bradley, D. C., & Forster, K. I. (1990). Word frequency and the pronunciation task: The contribution of articulatory fluency. Language and Cognitive Processes, 5, 203-236.
Scarborough, R. A. (2004). Coarticulation and the structure of the lexicon. PhD dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles.
Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zucolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime reference guide. Pittsburgh: Psychology Software Tools Inc.
Seitz, P. F., McCormick, M. M., Waston, I. M. C., & Bladon, R. A. (1990). Relational spectral features for place of articulation in nasal consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 87(1), 351-358.
Shadle, C. H. (1985). The acoustics of fricative consonants. PhD dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Slowiaczek, L. M. & Dinnsen, D. A. (1985). On the neutralizing status of Polish word-final devoicing. Journal of Phonetics, 13, 325-341.
Slowiaczek, L. M. & Szymanska, H. J. (1989). Perception of word-final devoicing in Polish. Journal of Phonetics, 17, 205-212.
Soli, S. D. (1981). Second formants in fricatives: Acoustic consequences of fricative-vowel coarticulation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 70(4), 976-984.
Soloman, R. L. & Postman, L. (1952). Frequency of usage as a determinant of recognition thresholds for words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43, 195-201.
Stemberger, J. P. & MacWhinney, B. (1986). Frequency and the lexical storage of regularly inflected forms. Memory and Cognition, 14, 17-26.
Stuart-Smith, J. (2007). Empirical evidence for gendered speech production: /s/ in Glaswegian. In Cole. J. & Hualde, J. I. (Eds.), Laboratory phonology 9 (pp. 65-86). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Tsai, C.-H. (2000). Mandarin syllable frequency counts for Chinese characters. Retrieved from http://technology.chtsai.org/syllable/.
Tsao, F.-F. [曹逢甫]. (2000). Taishi Riyu yu Taiwan Guoyu – yibai nian lai zhai Taiwan fashen de liang ke yuyian Jiechu shili [台式日語與台灣國語 – 一百年來在台灣發生的兩個語言接觸實例] [Taiwanized Japanese and Taiwan Mandarin – Two cases studies of language contact during the past hundred years in Taiwan]. Chinese Studies, 18, 273-297.new window
Tse, J. K.-P. [謝國平]. (1992). Production and perception of syllable final [n] and [ŋ] in Mandarin Chinese: An experimental study. Studies in English Literature & Linguistics, 18, 143-156.
Tse, J. K.-P. [謝國平]. (1998). Taiwan diqu nianqingren ㄓㄔㄕ yu ㄗㄘㄙ zhende bu fen ma? [台灣地區年輕人ㄓㄔㄕ與ㄗㄘㄙ真的不分嗎?] [Do the young people of Taiwan really not distinguish between zh-, ch-, sh- and z-, c-, s-?]. The World of Chinese Language, 90, 1-7.new window
Tung, C.-S. [董忠司]. (1994). Taiwan Hanyu fangye yingxiang xia de ruogan shengmu bianti chugao [台灣漢語方言影響下的若干『國語』聲母變體初稿] [A preliminary study on some variants of Taiwan Chinese dialect influenced “Guoyu” initials]. Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Chinese language pedagogy, Chietan, Taipei (pp. 323-343).new window
Tung, T''.-H. (1965). Hanyu yinyunxue [漢語音韻學] [Chinese Philology]. Taipei: Wun Shi Zhe.
Vitevitch, M. S. (1997). The neighborhood characteristics of malapropisms. Language and Speech, 40, 211-288.
Vitevitch, M. S. (2002). The influence of phonological similarity neighborhoods on speech production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 735-747.
Vitevitch, M. S. & Luce, P. A. (1998). When words compete: Levels of processing in perception of spoken words. Psychological Science, 9, 325-329.
Vitevitch, M. S. & Luce, P. A. (1999). Probabilistic phonotactics and neighborhood activation in spoken word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 374-408.
Wang, W. S.-Y. (1969). Competing Changes as a cause of residue. Language, 45(1), 9-25.
Wang, W. S.-Y. & Cheng, C.-C. (1977). Implementation of phonological change: The Shuāng-fēng Chinese case. In Wang, W. S.-Y. (Ed.), The lexicon in phonological change (pp. 148-158). The Hague: Mouton.
Warner, N., Good, E., Jongman, A. & Sereno, J. (2006). Orthographic vs. morphological incomplete neutralization effects. Journal of Phonetics, 34, 285-293.
Warner, N., Jongman, A., Sereno, J., & Kemps, R. (2004). Incomplete neutralization and other sub-phonemic durational differences in production and perception: Evidence from Dutch. Journal of Phonetics, 32, 251-276.
Wedel, A. B. (2007). Feedback and regularity in the lexicon. Phonology, 24, 147-185.
Whalen, D. H. (1981). Effects of vocalic formant transitions and vowel quality on the English [s]-[š] boundary. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 69(1), 275-282.
Wilde, L. F. (1995). Analysis and synthesis of fricative consonants. PhD dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Wright, C. E. (1979). Duration differences between rare and common words and their implications for the interpretation of word frequency effects. Memory & Cognition, 7(6), 411-419.
Wright, R. (2004). Factors of lexical competition in vowel articulation. In Local, J., Ogden, R., & Temple, R. (Eds.), Phonetic intpretation: Papers in laboratory VI (pp. 75-87). Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
Wu, K.-H. [吳國賢]. (1985). Guoyu huayin cai Taiwan: Muqian qunshi yu iban chuou zhi tangtao [國語發音在台灣:目前趨勢與一般錯誤之探討] [The pronucnciation of Standard Chinese in Taiwan: The invesigation of the current trend and the common errors]. Proceedings of the first international conference on the teaching of Chinese as a second language (pp. 413-425). Taipei: Word Chinese Language Association.
Yang, J. H. (2007). The role of sound change in the speech recognition system: A phonetic analysis of the final nasal shift in Mandarin. Paper presented at the Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING), Natioanl Taiwan University, Taipei.
Yao, R.-S. [姚榮松]. (1987). Xiaoxiao Taiwan, yuyian baozha [小小台灣,語言爆炸] [Small Taiwan, Many languages]. The World of Chinese Language, 3(1), 31-38.
Yeh, T.-M. [葉德明]. (1991). Taiwanhua Guoyu zhi xianxiang yu yingxiang [台灣化國語之現象與影響] [A study of Taiwanized Mandarin]. The World of Chiense Language, 61, 19-26.new window
Yip, M. C. W. (2001). A preliminary study of subjective frequency Coef. of words spoken in Cantonese. Psychological Report, 88, 1253-1258.
Yu, A. C. L. (2007). Understanding near mergers: The case of morphological tone in Cantonese. Phonology, 24, 187-214.
Yueh, L. C. (1992). The drift of the velar nasal ending in Taiwan Mandarin: A sociolinguistic survey. M.A. thesis. Taipei: Fu Jen Catholic University.
Zee, E. (1985). Sound change in syllable final nasal consonants in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 13(2), 290-330.
Zhu, Y. K. [朱永鍇]. (1998). “Lanqing guanhua” shuolüe [“藍青官話”說略] [An Overview of Non-standard Mandarin]. Language Studies, 67(2), 56-60.
Zipf, G. K. (1935). The psycho-bbiology of language. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
無相關點閱
 
QR Code
QRCODE