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題名:論多元文化主義下種族優惠性差別待遇的法正當性基礎:以臺灣原住民學生高等教育升學優待措施為中心
作者:涂予尹 引用關係
作者(外文):Yu-Yin Tu
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:法律學研究所
指導教授:林子儀
黃昭元
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2014
主題關鍵詞:優惠性差別待遇多元文化主義原住民升學優待措施肯認政治論差異政治論自由多元文化主義Affirmative ActionMulticulturalismAboriginalsPreferential TreatmentPolitics of RecognitionPolitics of DifferenceLiberal Multiculturalism
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原住民學生升學優待制度,是臺灣實施時間最久,也最富爭議的原住民族教育政策之一。從國治時期以來,政府即已比照邊疆地區學生升學優待的方式,獎勵原住民學生升學,但是這項制度的法制化,毋寧是極為晚近的事。1990年代中期的修憲,以及其後原住民族教育法的訂定,推促了政府對於這項制度思考方向的轉變,從把原住民當作統治客體、把升學優待制度當作殖民統治的方略,漸漸轉型為立於原住民的立場思考:不但將升學優待的要件明確化,同時還將「文化語言能力證明考試」的制度連結至優待要件中,除了補償原住民過去長期所受到的歧視以外,並且寓有維護多元文化、促使原住民族文化及語言永續發展等意旨。
原住民學生升學優待制度的變革,背後有一項關鍵卻又說不清楚的因素,就是憲法增修條文第10條第11項所規定的「肯定多元文化」條款。評價升學優待辦法的正當性基礎,除了憲法第7條的平等權規定以外,增修條文第10條第11項的精神也必須參酌。然而,「肯定多元文化」條款究竟該怎麼解讀?其對於現行原住民學生升學優待制度到底會如何評價?本文的寫作目的,即希望能一方面透過對於英語世界「多元文化主義」相關理論的耙梳,釐清多元文化主義以及「肯定多元文化」條款的意義,另一方面則從平等權規定揉合多元文化主義相關理論的要旨,對於現行「原住民學生升學保障辦法」中的升學優待規定的合法性與正當性進行評析。
除了在第1章說明本文的研究動機、研究範圍、文獻回顧、研究方法與核心議題及研究架構之外,第2章將說明我國原住民學生升學優待制度的概況、其相關法制沿革,以及問題的爭議點。第3章則是借鏡美國聯邦最高法院針對大學(包括學士後教育)入學許可的優惠性差別待遇措施所作成的相關判決,分析其所面臨的問題點,以及法院為處理問題所採取的說理內容。第4章則是介紹多元文化主義的理論緣起、主要學說流派,以及本文採取多元文化主義分析高等教育領域種族優惠性差別待遇法正當性基礎的理由。第5章至第7章則是分別以Charles Taylor、Iris Marion Young及Will Kymlicka的「肯認政治論」、「差異政治論」及「自由多元文化主義」為基礎,分別說明各項多元文化主義代表學說的主要內容、所受到的批判與各自的回應,並且提出各項學說對於我國原住民學生高等教育升學優待措施正當性議題的可能看法。第8章則是歸納Taylor、Young及Kymlicka學說的共同點、自由主義對於多元文化主義的挑戰,以及多元文化主義對於自由主義各項批判的回應,最後則是歸結到多元文化主義對於現代憲法基本人權譜系帶來的最大衝擊,亦即說明集體權利如何見容於個人權利為主軸的現代基本人權體系。最後則在第9章提出結論。
The preferential treatment for aboriginal students’ admission to higher education is one of the most enduring yet controversial educational policies in Taiwan. Although the government has carried out preferential treatment programs for aboriginal students in the light of educational preferential treatments for frontier students since the KMT’s reign, it just formally legalized these programs for less than 30 years. The Amending of the Constitution in mid-1990s and the following promulgation of Aboriginal Education Act pushed the government to transform its basic attitude toward these programs, from taking the preferential treatments as part of colonizing strategies to standing on the position of aboriginals. The requirements to preferential treatments were further specified and linked to the cultural/ linguistic proficiency test. One the one hand, the preferential treatment is to compensate past discrimination suffered by the aboriginals. On the other hand, the linkage between preferential treatments for aboriginal students’ entering into higher education and cultural/ linguistic proficiency test is also designed to protect cultural diversity as well as promote sustainable development of aboriginal cultures and languages.
There is a key yet not fully deliberated factor hidden behind the transformation of aboriginal students’ preferential treatments for higher education, the promulgation of Article 10, Section 11 of the Amendment to the Constitution, which affirms the value of cultural diversity. Therefore, in addition to Article 7 of the Constitution, the above article should also be taken into consideration in assessing the legitimacy of aboriginal students’ preferential treatments for higher education. However, how to properly interpret the meaning of “cultural diversity affirmation” clause remains unclear. The goal of this dissertation is to clarify the meaning of Article 10, Section 11 of the Amendment to the Constitution by analyzing relevant theories of multiculturalism on the one hand, and assess the legitimacy issues of aboriginal students’ preferential treatments for higher education on the other.
In addition to explain the motive, scope, main references, approach, and key issues of this dissertation on chapter 1, I analyzed current legal institution, history and main issues of the preferential treatment for aboriginal students’ entering into higher education on chapter 2. On chapter 3, I discussed relevant cases decided by the Supreme Court of the U.S., analyzed the issues faced and approached taken by the Court as a reflection and reference of issues in Taiwan. Then, on chapter 4, I illustrate the origin of multiculturalism by introducing communitarian key criticism of traditional liberalism, generalize main schools of multiculturalism, and explain the reason why I take multiculturalism as an approach to analyze the legitimacy of preferential treatment for aboriginal students’ entering into higher education in Taiwan. In the following, I introduced 3 main schools of multiculturalism, politics of recognition by Charles Taylor, politics of difference by Iris Marion Young, and liberal multiculturalism by Will Kymlicka, as well as primary criticism, their responses, and their standpoints of preferential treatments for aboriginal students’ entering into higher education in Taiwan on chapter 5 to 7 respectively. On chapter 8, I sum up several commonalities of above 3 main schools of multiculturalism, criticism they received from liberals, and their ideas of accommodating collective right within the individual right-oriented basic right institution in modern constitutional states. On chapter 9, I made some conclusions as legal advices for how we revise the current preferential treatment institution in the next step.
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李淑儀(2003),《原夢˙圓夢:原住民研究生自我實現歷程之探討》,國立東華大學族群關係與文化研究所碩士論文(未出版),花蓮。

李謀榮(2002),《公民權理論之研究:以Kymlicka理論為中心—》,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

吳以喬(2009),《現代社會與善之回復—Charles Taylor政治哲學之研究》,國立臺灣大學政治學系碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

林松郁(2005),《台灣原住民族教育權發展之研究─三代人權導向》,東吳大學社會學系碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

金惠恬(2011),《原住民族國中學生升學優待制度與原住民受教權相關之研究》,國立暨南大學教育政策與行政學系碩士論文(未出版),南投。

周惠民(1999),《原住民地區國小教師自我效能感與工作投入之研究》,國立新竹師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文(未出版),新竹。

席致強(2010),《從憲法平等權觀點檢視我國原住民學生大學升學考試優惠之相關規定—以優惠性差別待遇與多元文化主義為取徑方法》,國立高雄大學法律學系碩士論文(未出版),高雄。

許家豪(2008),《一與多:查爾斯&;#8226;泰勒政治理論的重建與批判》,國立中山大學政治學研究所博士論文(未出版),高雄。

張佳琳(1993),《臺灣光復後原住民教育政策研究》,國立臺灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

張培倫(2002),《族群差異權利之道德證成—秦立克自由主義多元文化論之可能性》,國立臺灣大學哲學研究所博士論文(未出版),臺北。new window

張朝琴(2000),《從民族平等觀點探究臺灣原住民的地位問題》,頁185-218,國立臺灣師範大學三民主義研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

張源泉(2003),《原住民族教育及其法規範之研究》,國立政治大學法律學系學士後法學組碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

陳克惠(2003),《從社區現象談原住民教育成就:以曙光社區為例》,頁99-100,國立東華大學族群關係與文化研究所碩士論文(未出版),花蓮。

陳宗韓(1994),《戰後臺灣原住民政策之分析:國家與社會的觀點》,國立臺灣大學三民主義研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

陳靜儀(2013),《Iris M. Young論差異政治、民主與社會正義》,國立臺灣大學政治學系碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

廖維達(2005),《美國種族優惠性差別待遇—兼論我國原住民升學優惠制度》,國立臺北大學法律學研究所碩士論文(未出版),新北。

蔣嘉媛(1998),《原住民學生升學優待政策之評估研究》,國立臺灣師範大學教育學系碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

蔡昀典(2000),《自由主義與社群主義論辯初探》,頁7-10,國立臺灣大學哲學研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

歐秀梅(2009),《原住民中學生對升學優待與族語認證之知覺研究:以屏東縣為例》,頁59-60,國立屏東教育大學教育行政研究所碩士論文(未出版),屏東。

賴玉梅(1997),《社群主義與當代自由主義法律理論》,頁5-6,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

謝嘉璘(2006),《臺灣原住民升學優待政策之研究—以升學加分和原住民族教育體系為例》,國立臺北教育大學教育政策與管理研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

聶松齡(1999),《差異與承認—泰勒的多元文化論及其省思》,國立臺灣大學三民主義研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。

二、外文部分

(一)書籍

Abbey, Ruth (2000), Charles Taylor. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Appiah, K. Anthony (1994), Identity, Authenticity, Survival: Multicultural Societies and Social Reproduction, in Amy Gutmann (ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition 149-163. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Bannerji, Himani (2003), Multiple Multiculturalisms and Charles Taylor’s Politics of Recognition, in B. Saunders &; D. Haljan (eds.), Whither Multiculturalism?: A Politics of Dissensus 38-43. Leuven: Leuven University Press.

Banting Keith G., &; Kymlicka, Will (2004), Do Multiculturalism Policies Erode the Welfare State?, in Philippe Van Parijs (ed.), Cultural Diversity versus Economic Solidarity 227-284. Bruxelles: de Boeck Universit&;eacute;.

Banting, Keith G. (2008), Canada as Counternarrative Multiculturalism, Recognition, and Redistribution, in Linda A. White, Richard Simeon, Robert Vipond, and Jennifer Wallner (eds.), The Comparative Turn in Canadian Political Science 64-68. Vancouver: UBC Press.

Barry, Brian (2002), Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Barry, Brian (2002), Second Thoughts- And Some First Thoughts Revived, in Paul Kelly (ed.), Multiculturalism Reconsidered: Culture and Equality and Its Critics 204. Cambridge: Polity.

Beiner, Ronald (1995), Theorizing Citizenship. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Bell, Daniel (1993), Communitarianism and Its Critics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Benhabib, Seyla (2002), The Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era, Princeton: Princeton University Press

Blum, Lawrence (1998), Recognition, Value and Equality: A Critique of Charles Taylor’s and Nancy Fraser’s Accounts of Multiculturalism, in Cynthia Willett (ed.), Theorizing Multiculturalism: A Guide to the Current Debate 76. Malden: Blackwell.

Cairns, Alain C. (2000), Citizen Plus: Aboriginal Peoples and the Canadian State. Vancouver: UBC Press.

Carens, Joseph H. (2000), Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness. New York: Oxford University Press.

Casals, Neus Torbisco (2006), Group Rights as Human Rights: A Liberal Approach to Multiculturalism. Dordrecht: Springer

Deveaux, M. (2000), Cultural Pluralism and Dilemmas of Justice. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Donnelly, Jack (1993), Third Generation Rights, in C. Brolmann, R. Lefeber and M. Zieck (eds.), Peoples and Minorities in International Law 119-150. Dordrecht: Springer

Dworkin, Ronald (1985), A Matter of Principle. Cambridge: Harvard University Press

Dworkin, Ronald (1992), Liberal Community, in S. Avineri &; A. de-Shalit (eds.), Communitarianism and Individualism 207, New York: Oxford University Press.

Elshtain, Jean Bethke (1995), Democracy on Trial. New York: Basic Books.

Ford, Richard T. (2005), Racial Culture: A Critique. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Fraser, Nancy (1997), Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the ‘Postsocilaist’ Condition. New York: Routledge.

Fraser, Nancy (1998), From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a “Post-Socialist” Age, in Cynthia Willett (ed.) Theorizing Multiculturalism: A Guide to the Current Debate 30-31. Malden: Blackwell

Fraser, Nancy (1999), Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participation, in Larry Ray &; Andrew Sayer (eds.), Culture and Economy After the Cultural Turn 27-28. London: Sage.

Fraser, Nancy (2004), Institutionalizing Democratic Justice: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participation, in Seyla Benhabib &; Nancy Fraser (eds.), Pragmatism, Critique, Judgment: Essays for Richard J. Bernstein 126. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Fullinwider, Robert (1980), The Reverse Discrimination Controversy. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield.

Goldberg, D. T. (1994), Introduction: Multicultural Conditions, in D. T. Goldberg, (ed.), Multiculturalism: A Critical Reader 1-41. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell

Galston, William (1991), Liberal Purposes: Goods, Virtues, and Duties in the Liberal State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gewirth, Allan (1996), The Community of Rights. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Glazer, Nathan (1983), Ethnic Dilemmas: 1964-1982. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Greenwalt, Kent (1983), Discrimination and Reverse Discrimination. New York: Knopf.

Habermas, Jurgen (1994), Struggles for Recognition in the Democratic Constitutional State, in Amy Gutmann (ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition 107-148. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Kelly, Paul, Introduction: Between Culture and Equality, in Paul Kelly (ed.), Multiculturalism reconsidered : culture and equality and its critics 12 (2002). Cambridge: Polity Press.

Kenny, Michael (2004), Politics of Identity. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Kukathas, Chandran (2003), The Liberal Archipelago: A Theory of Diversity and Freedom. New York : Oxford University Press

Kymlicka, Will (1989), Liberalism, Community and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kymlicka, Will (1995), Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, New York: Clarendon Press.

Kymlicka, Will (1996), Three Forms of Group-Differentiated Citizenship in Canada, in Seyla Benhabib (ed.), Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Kymlicka, Will &; Norman, Wayne (2000), Citizenship in Culturally Diverse Societies: Issues, Contexts, Concepts, in Will Kymlicka &; Wayne Norman, Citizenship in diverse societies. New York: Oxford University Press

Kymlicka, Will (2001), The New Debate Over Minority Rights, Politics in the Vernacular 17-38, New York: Oxford University Press.

Kymlicka, Will (2001), Do We Need a Liberal Theory of Minority Rights? Reply to Carens, Young, Parekh, and Forst, Politics in the Vernacular 49-66, New York: Oxford University Press.

Kymlicka, Will (2001), Human Rights and Ethnocultural Justice, Politics in the Vernacular 69-90, New York: Oxford University Press.

Kymlicka, Will (2001), Theorizing Indigenous Rights, Politics in the Vernacular 120-132.

Kymlicka, Will (2001), The Theory and Practice of Immigrant Multiculturalism, Politics in the Vernacular 152-176, New York: Oxford University Press.

Kymlicka, Will (2001), A Crossroad in Race Relations, Politics in the Vernacular 177-199, New York: Oxford University Press.

Kymlicka, Will (2002), Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction.

Kymlicka, Will (2007), Minority Rights in Europe, in Omid A. Payrow Shabani (ed.), Multiculturalism and Law: A Criticall Debate 235-236. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Kymlicka, Will (2007), Multicultural Odysseys: Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity. New York : Oxford University Press.

MacIntyre, Alasdair (2nd ed., 1984), After Virtue. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.

MacIntyre, Alasdair (1988), Whose Justice, Which Rationality?. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.

MICHAEL MURPHY (2012), MULTICULTURALISM: A CRITICAL INTRODUCTION.

Miller, David (1995), On Nationality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Miller, David (2000), Citizenship and National Identity. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Modood, Tariq (2007), Multiculturalism: A Civic Idea. Cambridge: Polity press.

Mouffe, Chantal (1993), The Return of the Political. New York : Verso.

Owen, David &; Tully, James (2007), Redistribution and Recognition: Two Approaches, in Anthony Simon Laden and David Owen (ed.), Multiculturalism and Political Theory 266. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Parekh, Bhikhu (1994), Cultural Diversity and Liberal Democracy, in David Beetham (ed.), Defining and Measuring Democracy, 199-233. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Parekh, Bhikhu (1999), A Varied Moral World, in J. Cohen, M. Howard and M.C. Nussbaum (eds.), Is Multicuturalism Bad for Women? Susan Moller Okin with respondents 163. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Parekh, Bhikhu (2000), Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. New York : Palgrave Macmillan.

Patten, Alan &; Kymlicka, Will (2003), Language Rights and Political Theory: Context, Issues, and Approaches’, in Alan Patten and Will Kymlicka (ed.), Language Rights and Political Theory 1-51. New York: Oxford University Press.

Petit, P. (2000), Minority Claims Under Two Conceptions of Democracy, in P. Patton, D. Ivison and D. Saunders (eds.), Political Theory and Indigenous Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Phillips, Anne (1993), Democracy and Difference. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Phillips, Anne (1995), The Politics of Presence. Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Rawls, John (1971), A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Belknap Press.

Raz, Joseph (1986), The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Redhead, Mark &; Taylor, Charles (2002), Thinking and Living Deep Diversity. Lanham: Rowman &; Littlefield Publications.

Rescher, Nicholas (1966), Distributive Justice. Indianapolis, The Bobbs-Merrill Co.

Okin, Susan Moller (1999), Is Multiculturalism Bad For Women?. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Rockefeller, Steven C. (1994), Comment (on Charles Taylor), in Amy Gutmann (ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining The Politics of Recognition 87-98. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Rosenfeld, Michel (1991), Affirmative Action and Justice: A Philosophical and Constitutional Inquiry. New Heaven: Yale University Press.

Sandel, Michael J. (1982), Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Sandel, Michael (1992), The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self, in S. Avineri &; A. de-Shalit (eds.), Communitarianism and Individualism 27-28, New York: Oxford University Press.

Shachar, Ayalet (2001), Multicultural Jurisdictions: Cultural Differences and Women’s Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schuck, Peter H. (2003), Diversity in America: Keeping Government at a Safe Distance. Cambridge: Belknap.

Tamir, Yael (1993), Liberal Nationalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Tamir, Yael (1999), Against Collective Rights, in C. Joppke and S. Lukes (eds.), Multicultural Questions 159. New York: Oxford University

Taylor, Charles (1985), Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Paper 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Taylor, Charles (1985), Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Paper 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Taylor, Charles (1989), Source of the Self. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Taylor, Charles (1991), The Ethics of Authenticity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Taylor, Charles (1993), Why Do Nations Have to Become States?, in Guy Laforest (ed.), Reconciling the Solitudes: Essays on Canadian Federalism and Nationalism 52. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Taylor, Charles (1994), The Politics of Recognition, in Amy Gutmann (ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining The Politics of Recognition 25-74. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Taylor Charles (1994), Charles Taylor Replies, in James Tully (ed.), Philosophy in an Age of Pluralism: The Philosophy of Charles Taylor in Question 213-257. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Taylor, Charles (1995), Philosophical Arguments. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Taylor, Charles (1996), Why Democracy Needs Patriotism?, in Joshua Cohen (ed.), For Love of Country? 120. Boston: Beacon Press.

Taylor, Charles (2001), Democracy, Inclusive and Exclusive, in Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, Steven M. Tipton (eds.), Meaning and Morality: Religion, Polity and Self 181. Oakland: University of California Press.

Taylor, Charles (2003), The Malaise of Modernity. Anansi.

Tully, James (1995), Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity. New York : Cambridge University Press.

Tully, James (2001), Introduction, in Alain-G. Gagnon &; James Tully (ed.), Multinational Democracies. New York : Cambridge University Press.

Waldron, Jeremy (1995), Minority Cultures and the Cosmopolitan Alternative, in Will Kymlicka (ed.), The Rights of Minority Cultures 106-107. Oxford : Oxford University Press

Walzer Michael (1994), Comment (on Charles Taylor), in Amy Gutmann (ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining The Politics of Recognition 99-104. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Willet, C. (1998), Theorizing Multiculturalism: A Guide to the Current Debate, Malden: Blackwell.

Williams, Mellissa S. (1998), Voice, Trust, and Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failure of Liberal Representation, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Wilson, W.J. (1987), The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Young, Iris Marion (1990), Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Young, Iris Marion (1995), Together in Difference: Transforming the Logic of Group Political Conflict, in Will Kymlicka (ed.), The Rights of Minority Cultures 156. Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Young, Iris Marion (1996), Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy, in Seyla Benhabib (ed.), Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political 126-127. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Young, Iris Marion (1998), Unruly Categories: A Critique of Nancy Fraser’s Dual Systems Theory, in Cynthia Willett (ed.), Theorizing Multiculturalism: A Guide to the Current Debate 50. Malden: Blackwell.

Young, Iris Marion (2000), Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Young, Iris Marion (2007), Structural Injustice and the Politics of Difference, in Anthony Simon Laden and David Owen (eds.), Multiculturalism and Political Theory 84. New York : Cambridge University Press.

(二)期刊論文

Buchanan, Allen E. (1989), Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism, 99 Ethics 852.

Carbado, Devon W. (2013), Intraracial Diversity, 60 UCLA L.Rev. 1130-1183.

Carens, Joseph H. (1997), Liberalism and Culture, 4 Constellations 35-47.

Cheng, S. Y., &; Jacob, W. J. (2007), A Comparative Case Study of Educational Policies between Taiwan Aborigines and American Indians, 63 Comparative Education (比較教育) 40.

Cooke, Maeve (1997), Authenticity and Autonomy: Taylor, Habermas, and the Politics of Recognition, 25 Political Theory 258-288.

Crenshaw, Kimberly (1991), Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color, 43 Stan. L. Rev. 1241-1299.

Emcke, Carolin (2000), Between Choice and Coercion: Identities, Injuries, and Different Forms of Recognition, 7 Constellations 483.

Fallon, Jr., Richard H. (1987), A Constructivist Coherence Theory of Constitutional Interpretation, 100 HARV. L. REV. 1189.

Fierlbeck, Katherine (1996), The Ambivalent Potential of Cultural Identity, 29 Canadian Journal of Political Science, 3-22.

Fiss, Owen M. (1976), Groups and the Equal Protection Clause, 5 Philosophy and Public Affairs 107-177.

Fiss, Owen M. (2001), Another Equality, 20 ISSUES IN LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP 1-25.

Forst, Rainer (1997), Foundations of Theory of Multicultural Justice, 4 Constellations 63-71.

Hawkins, Stacy L. (2011), A Deliberative Defense of Diversity: Moving Beyond The Affirmative Action Debate To Embrace A 21st Century View of Equality, 2 COLUM. J. RACE &; L. 75-115.

Honneth, Axel (1997), Recognition and Moral Obligation, 64 SOCIAL RESEARCH 16.

Hoover, Jeffrey (2001), Do the Politics of Difference Need to Be Freed of a Liberalism?, 8 Constellations 201-218.

Issacharof, Samuel (2002), Law and Misdirection in the Debate Over Affirmative Action, 2002 U. Chi. Legal F. 11-43.

Jaggar, Alison M. (1999), Multicultural Democracy, 7 The Journal of Political Philosophy 308-329.

Kidder, William C. (2003), The Struggle for Access from Sweatt to Grutter, a History of African American, and American Indian Law School Admissions, 1950-2000, 19 Harv. BlackLetter L.J. 1-42.

Kymlicka, Will (2010), The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism? New Debates on Inclusion and Accommodation of Diverse Societies, 61 International Social Science Journal 97-112.

Macedo, Stephen (1995), Liberal Civic Education and Religious Fundamentalism: The Case of God v. John Rawls?, 105 Ethics 468-496.

Mahajan, Gurpreet (2005), Can Intra-Group Equality Co-Exist with Cultural Diversity? Re-Examining Multicultural Frameworks of Accommodation, in Avigail Eisenberg and Jeff Spinner-Halev (ed.), Minorities within Minorities: Equality, Rights and Diversity 94. Cambridge University Press.

Margalit, Avishai and Raz, Joseph (1990), National Self-Determination, 87 Journal of Philosophy 439-461.

Modood, Tariq (2006), The Liberal Dilemma: Integration or Vilification?, in 44 International Migration 6.

Moran, Rachel (2006), Of Doubt and Diversity: The Future OF Affirmative Action in Higher Education, 67 Ohio St. L. J. 201-243.

Parekh, Bhikhu (1997), Dilemmas of a Multicultural Theory of Citizenship, 4 Constellations 54-62.

Raz, Joseph (1998), Multiculturalism, 11 RATIO JURIS. 199-200.

Rawls, John (1980), Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory, 77 Journal of Philosophy 515-572.

Reynoso, Cruz &; Kidder, William C. (2008), Tribal Membership And State Law Affirmative Action Bans: Can Membership In A Federally Recognized American Indian Tribe Be A Plus Factor In Admissions At Public Universities In California And Washington?, 27 CHICANA/O-LATINA/O L. REV. 29-58.

Rorty, A.O. (1994), The Hidden Politics of Cultural Identification, 22 Political Theory 152-166.

Schuck, Peter H. (2002), Affirmative Action: Past, Present, and Future, 20 Yale L. &; Pol’y Rev. 1-96.

Taylor, Charles (1998), The Dynamics of Democratic Exclusion, 9 Journal of Democracy 143-156.

Taylor Charles (2003), No Community, No Democracy, Part II, 13 The Responsive Community 15-25.

Tebble, Adam James (2002), What is the Politics of Difference?, 30 Political Theory 259-281.

Tempelman, Sasja (1999), Constructions of Cultural Identity: Multiculturalism and Exclusion, 47 Political Studies 17-31.

Tully, James (2000), Struggles over Recognition and Distribution, 7 Constellations 469-482.

Volokh, Eugene (1996), Diversity, Race As Proxy, and Religion As Proxy, 43 UCLA L. Rev. 2059-2076.

Wieviorka, Michel (1998), Is Multiculturalism the Solution?, 21 Ethnic and Racial Studies 881-910.

Williams, Mellissa S. (1995), Justice Toward Groups, 23 Political Theory 67-91.

Young, Iris Marion (1989), Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship, 99 Ethics 250-274.

Young, Iris Marion (1997), A Multicultural Continuum: A Critique of Will Kymlicka’s Ethnic-Nation Dichotomy, 4 Constellations 48-53.

 
 
 
 
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