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題名:探討國中青少年偏差行為的社會心理決策歷程
作者:吳中勤 引用關係
作者(外文):Chung-ChinWu
校院名稱:國立成功大學
系所名稱:教育研究所
指導教授:董旭英
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2015
主題關鍵詞:決策社會心理學哥倫比亞卡片任務功能性磁振造影Columbia Card Taskdecision-makingfunctional magnetic resonance imagingsocio-psychology
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國中階段是青少年行為改變的重要時期。社會學習理論主張,接觸偏差同儕是影響青少年偏差行為的重要情境因素,偏差同儕同時也會透過改變青少年的認知與動機影響行為表現,但較少著重於探討接觸偏差同儕是透過甚麼樣的心理歷程影響個人行為。決策理論著重於探討個人內在決策歷程對行為決策的影響,理論觀點有助於解釋內在心理歷程的個別差異,卻忽略了情境因素與社會認知歷程的影響。
本研究主要目的在於整合社會心理學與決策理論觀點,提出社會心理決策歷程模式,以接觸偏差同儕做為影響偏差行為重要的情境因素,以決策的情緒-認知雙重系統理論作為內在決策歷程的架構,並以社會學習理論、社會控制理論與緊張理論做為社會心理決策歷程的內涵,來解釋青少年從事偏差行為的可能原因,並探討一般與偏差行為青少年在社會心理決策歷程的可能差異。本研究首先進行調查研究,以5079位國中二年級青少年為對象,採用多層次結構方程模式分析進行理論模式的驗證,並整合混合分析方法檢驗社會心理決策歷程的潛在群體差異。研究結果發現:(1)青少年在認知與動機等決策歷程的個別差異可能是影響偏差行為的重要因素,而情境因素對社會心理歷程的影響可能加劇青少年內在心理歷程與行為表現的個別差異。(2)對行為結果的「酬賞預期」與「逃避損失發生的可能性」可能引發偏差行為青少年較大的情緒反應,再加上個人較少評估行為結果可能招致「損失的嚴重性」,使青少年更容易從事於偏差行為。(3)不同群體青少年在情緒因素上的差異不明顯,可能意謂著情緒反應較難以調查研究的方式加以測量。(4)一般與偏差行為青少年皆較少評估行為結果可能帶來的「損失嚴重性」。
風險決策是行為偏差的重要原因。根據決策理論觀點,對酬賞過度敏感、對懲罰不敏感、對未來結果的短視,及情緒-認知失衡等原因,可能使偏差行為青少年做出較為冒險的決策,但實徵研究對前三個理論詮釋的支持證據不甚一致,這些觀點也未曾在其他行為測量任務中受到檢視,並且情緒-認知失衡的理論觀點仍較少受到實證研究的支持,是否適用於解釋不同青少年群體在決策歷程上的差異,仍未知。再加上,當前風險決策測量仍缺乏建構效度的證據,難以說明風險決策測量的有效性。有鑑於此,本研究從5079位參與調查研究的國中二年級青少年中,徵求269位參與行為研究,在實驗任務上採用哥倫比亞卡片任務(CCT),並輔以混合分析將青少年分群,主要目的在於檢視CCT任務對青少年風險決策測量的有效性,並將CCT與社會學習理論觀點及調查研究發現整合,探討社會因素對青少年風險決策的影響。行為實驗的研究結果發現:(1)普遍來說,相較於正式酬賞,青少年更容易冒較大的險去追求社會酬賞(如:追求他人認同)。(2)對立即酬賞回饋的敏感可能是青少年普遍的決策傾向,但一般青少年在決策時會評估較多選項,而偏差行為青少決策時所考量的選項較少。(3)相較於一般青少年,偏差行為青少年對酬賞較為敏感,並對損失較為不敏感,但兩者對未來結果的認知能力相當。(4)偏差行為青少年在行為決策時確實受到「酬賞預期」及「損失發生可能性」較大,與調查研究結果相似。(5)偏差行為青少年在決策時較少考量「損失的嚴重性」,與調查研究結果相似,但一般青少年則會考量損失的嚴重性,與調查研究結果不同。
由於當前仍較少研究探討CCT情緒性任務與相關腦區活化的活化情形,認知性任務相關腦區的活化情性,亦仍未知,因此,本研究從參與行為實驗的269位國中二年級青少年中,徵求6位參與者及其法定代理人同意,進行功能性磁振造影研究(fMRI),主要目的在於探討國中青少年在進行情緒性與認知性決策任務時,大腦的活化情形。本研究採事件關聯設計所蒐集到的功能性影像證據顯示:(1)國中青少年情緒性決策歷程與楔葉、左側顳上迴、右側後扣帶迴皮質、左側額下迴與左側內側前迴等腦區的活化有關。(2)國中青少年的認知性決策歷程與行動的執行及行動前預思有關的中央前迴(precentral gyrus)的活化有關。
本研究於文末綜合調查研究、行為實驗與功能性磁振造影的結果依序進行討論,並比較調查研究結果與行為實驗發現的異同,最後,也對未來研究提出相應的建議。
The main purpose of this study was to demonstrate a proposed model of socio-psychological decision-making (SPDM) process by conducting survey, experiment, and fMRI researches. Multilevel analysis were introduced to analysis data. Results drawn from survey study showed: (1) SPDM model fit data well. It suggested the ultility of this model for accounting for interactions between context and mental factors. (2) the effect of deviant peers on deviances was partially mediated by rewards evaluation and avoidance of negative life event for deviant adolescents (DA),while that was by positive and negative emotions for normative adolescents (NA). It suggested both of affective and deliberative process involving while making decisions. (3) moderated mediation effect of this process was found, it suggested deviant peer and social rewards excerted effects on decision-making processes (DMP). Columbia Card Tasks (CCT) was used to investigate affective and deliberative DMP, which was apart from traditional affective decision-making task-IGT based on dual system theory (DST) and somatic marker hypothesis (SMH), respectively. CCT was also used to investigate different decision-making process between deviant and normative groups, and effects of social factors on this process, and discuss findings with that of survey research. fMRI research was conducted to provide evidences of neural basis underlying decision-making processes. Results indicated: (1) Combining behavioral evidences with brain activations suggested that CCT may be effective for measuring decision-making. (2) DA were more sensitive to expected formal and social rewards than NA were. Theses findings supported DST and results derived from survey research, but provided evidences against SMH.
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