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題名:成年假釋人犯罪生涯及其影響因素之縱貫性研究
作者:李明謹
校院名稱:中央警察大學
系所名稱:犯罪防治研究所
指導教授:馬傳鎮、陳玉書
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2017
主題關鍵詞:成年假釋人再犯犯罪生涯未再犯時距縱貫性研究adult paroleerecidivismcriminal careerno-recommit intervallongitudinal study
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近年來新入監受刑人累再犯者比率居高不下,復以受保護管束人更生復歸不易,實有透過縱貫性研究探討其犯罪生涯之必要。本研究以犯罪學理論為基礎,經由959位成年受保護管束人15年追蹤資料,觀察樣本動態犯罪生涯變化,探求其犯罪生涯與影響因素,並建構解釋再犯的理論模式,期能提供預防策略,以降低再犯情形。研究資料為陳玉書、林健陽等於2000年至2002年接受國科會委託「再犯預測:生活壓力、社會控制與社會學習對成人再犯之影響及其預防對策」之調查資料,並追蹤樣本至2015年的再犯情形,有效樣本為893人(93.1%)。
研究發現:(1)追蹤15年後,樣本中再犯者528名,再犯率為59.1%;就再犯型態而言,中止再犯占40.9%、間歇中止再犯占39.8%、持續再犯占19.4%(其中42人持續犯罪超過30年)。(2)就再犯現象觀之,再犯次數與人數呈現反比趨勢,密集集中於少部分人,且潛藏「慢性犯罪人」特質。(3)再犯罪名與毒品犯罪有關者高達49.2%,而單純再犯公共危險罪者占10.2%,成癮者再犯值得關注。(4)持續再犯者為結合犯罪者占80.3%,其犯罪行為呈現多樣化之現象。(5)整體樣本再犯罪高峰期集中於出監後1年內(占28.4%),3年內再犯者占53.4%;而持續再犯者3年內再犯者占69.9%,5年內再犯者占86.6%,對持續犯罪者宜適時追蹤、協助或監控。
在影響因素方面:(1)性別、年齡、教育程度、婚姻狀況、初犯年齡、過去藥物濫用經驗、自陳偏差及犯罪經驗、低自我控制、社會控制與衝突、生活型態、偏差友伴和壓力因應等,與犯罪生涯有顯著關聯或差異性。(2)性別、年齡、教育程度、監禁次數、藥物濫用情形、遊樂生活型態為「有無再犯」與「未再犯時距」之共同影響因子。(3)再犯次數SEM分析結果顯示,早期犯罪經驗和生活型態等對於犯罪次數具顯著直接影響力,而低自我控制、早期家庭附著、早期負向生活經驗、正向社會控制等對於犯罪次數具顯著間接影響力。研究結果驗證一般化犯罪理論、逐級年齡非正式社會控制理論及相互依賴之生命歷程模型,其中更以逐級年齡非正式社會控制理論預測力最強。最後,根據研究結果提出成年犯罪者矯正處遇、更生復歸和再犯預防等相關建議。
In recent years, the rate about recidivists of inmates remains high in Taiwan, and it is not easy to rehabilitate with people under custody. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the criminal career through longitudinal research. Based on the theory of criminology, this study traces the data of 959 adult people under custody for 15 years, observes the dynamic life change of them, explores their criminal career and influencing factors, and constructs a theoretical model for explaining recidivism, then provides preventive strategies for reducing recidivism. The research materials are the survey data of " the prediction of recidivism: the impact of life stress, social control and social learning on adult recidivism and its preventive measures", the project Chen Yushu, Lin Jianyang, etc. commissioned by the National Science Council from 2000 to 2002, and tracked the sample until 2015. The effective sample was 893 (93.1%).
The study found that: (1) After 15 years of follow-up, 528 re-offenders in the sample, and the recidivism rate is 59.1%. In terms of the type of recidivism, 40.9% are desisters, 39.8% are occasional re-offenders and 19.4% are persistent offenders (42 of them have committed crimes for more than 30 years). (2) Regarding the phenomenon of recidivism, the times of recidivisms is inversely proportional to the number of re-offenders, and is concentrated in a small number of people with the potential trait of "chronic offenders". (3) The crime of recommit are drug-related crimes, including at least 49.2%, while those who committed offenses against public safety are 10.2%. The recidivism of addicts is worth noting. (4) The persistent offenders accounted for 80.3% of the combinative criminals, and their criminal behaviors are diversified. (5) The peak period of re-offending of the sample is concentrated within one year after the prison (150 people, accounting for 28.4%). The re-offenders accounted for 53.4% of the samples within 3 years after the prison, while the persistent offenders recommit within 3 years (69.9%), and 5 years (86.6%). Therefore, these offenders should be timely tracked, assisted or monitored.
In terms of influencing factors: (1) gender, age, education level, marital status, age of first offense, past drug abuse experience, self-reported delinquent and criminal experience, low self-control, social control and conflict, lifestyle, deviant peers, and stress response, have significant correlation or difference with the criminal career. (2) Gender, age, education level, number of imprisonment, drug abuse situation, and recreational lifestyle are the common influencing factors of “recidivism” and “no-recommit interval”. (3) The results of SEM analysis of recidivism showed that early criminal experience and life style have significant direct influence on the number of crimes, while low self-control, early family attachment, early negative life experience, and positive social control, have significant indirect influence. The research results verify the General Theory of Crime, the Age-Graded Informal Social Control Theory of Criminal and the Life-Course model of interdependence, among which the predictive power of the Age-Graded Informal Social Control Theory is the strongest. Finally, based on the research results, the recommendations of correction, rehabilitation and prevention recidivism to adult offenders are proposed.
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