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題名:從「牧民權力」到「現代治理術」的權力系譜學批判 ──關於傅柯的系譜學考察
作者:黃子軒
作者(外文):HUANG, TZU-HSUAN
校院名稱:中國文化大學
系所名稱:哲學系
指導教授:曾慶豹
何畫瑰
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2019
主題關鍵詞:傅柯尼采系譜學牧民權力治理術生命政治Michel FoucaultFriedrich NietzscheGenealogyPastoral PowerGovernmentalityBio-politics
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本論文嘗試考察發生自尼采且發揮於傅柯的系譜學操作,觀看他們在文本當中所分析的歷史、文化、宗教和道德的概念詮釋,以重新梳理和理解傅柯發展「牧民權力」(Pastoral Power)和「現代治理術」(Modern Governmentality)概念問題的梗概。事實上,1970 年之後的傅柯,其研究的方法開始轉向了系譜學,以《規訓與懲罰》一作為界,一直到他晚年的寫作,他都有大量運用系譜學方法來分析歷史及社會「權力」現象的研究蹤跡。在傅柯的後期思想當中,具體展現了「牧民權力」和「現代治理術」概念的系譜學分析成果,在《安全、領土與人口》(Security, Territory, Population, 1977~1978 年)講課稿的論述裡,以及〈全體與單一︰走向政治的理性批判〉(Omnes et Singulatim: Towards a Criticism of ‘Political Reason’,1979 年)與〈主體和權力〉(The Subject and Power, 1982 年)的文章當中,都透過了系譜學的方法,去探尋和分析了「牧民權力」施加於社會毛細血管之中的「權力」作用,以及其歷史發展的「知識」變遷,傅柯發現西方現代治理的技術,其內在的核心和組織的形式,是與「牧民權力」的概念緊密地扣連在一起的。筆者的努力即在於說明,從尼采揭發教士攫取「權力」手法的初始,到當代傅柯剖析「牧民權力」的效果歷史為止,該「權力」形式的實施流竄於個體和社會的作用之中,造成了極大政治的效應與迴響,它直接地促成了當代治理技藝的構思與建制,標示出了國家管治層面上「生命政治」(bio-politics) 的雛型。
因此,本論文綜觀尼采教士批判和傅柯論述「牧民權力」的作品,先是闡明「牧民權力」的意蘊,再從系譜學的功能與作用之上揭示「牧民權力」的效果歷史,最後則是通過「牧民權力」採取的規訓程序和其造成的「生命權力」的相關生產,來詮釋當代「生命政治」的生態和其政治層面的理解效應,在傅柯看來,國家是一種治理形式、是「權力」運作採用的新的合理性,透過「國家理性」(ratio status)的治理實踐,我們能夠在理解傅柯國家論述的同時,更進一步地理解「生命政治」的運作邏輯,從而深入到思考當今國家治理存在的現實問題。
This article attempts to reconstruct a comprehensive epistemological description of Foucauldian “Pastoral Power” and “Modern Governmentality” through a critical reexamination on the deployment of Foucault’s “genealogical”analysis— a historical method evoked from Friedrich Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Moral— on the perceptions on history, culture, religion and ethics. For this purpose, a comprehensive survey on the development of genealogy as a historical method will be conducted through close readings on the related texts by both Nietzsche and Foucault. In 1970, Foucault made a turn in his research methodology from an “archaeological” approach to the history of thought into a “genealogical” one. Foucaultdian genealogical analysis was first deployed in Discipline and Punish and since then became the core research model of Foucault’s later studies on various subjects, especially in the regard of history and power. In a number of his essays and lectures, Foucault has explicitly elucidated and developed the genealogies of “pastoral power” and “modern governmentality,” in which he discussed the effects of such power diffusion through the social network and the shift of its epistemology in history. Foucault argues that pastoral power is the core and backbone of modern governmentality. It is under this notion that this article elaborates and makes clear the relationship between the emergence of bio-politics and the formation of contemporary State art of governance.
Foucauldian genealogical analysis on the effective history of “pastoral power”will be closely scrutinized and served as a contextual background for the subsequent discussion on the connection between the two subjects of discussion. In Focauldian sense, the techniques and art of State governance is the deployment of a new justification on the operation of power through ratio status. Foucault’s discourse on State governance clearly reveals the structural order behind the operation of biopolitics. This article contends that it is from this point of departure, wider scope of further and in-depth discussion on the practicality of contemporary State governance is made possible.
一、原典資料:
(一)英文譯本:
尼采著作:
Nietzsche, Friedrich. On the Genealogy of Morals& Ecce Homo. Translated by
Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale. New York: Random House, 1967.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Will To Power. Translated by Walter Kaufmann and R. J.
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Nietzsche, Friedrich. Human, All Too Human. Translated by R. J. Hollingdale.
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Nietzsche, Friedrich. Daybreak: Thoughts on the prejudices of morality. Translated by
R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Beyond Good and Evil. Edited by Walter Kaufmann, Translated
by Helen Zimmern. Mineola, New York: Dover, 1997.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Untimely Meditations. Edited by Daniel Breazeale, Translated
by R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Gay Science. Translated by Josefine Nauckhoff and Adrian
Del Caro. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols and Other
Writings. Edited by A. Ridley, Translated by J. Norman. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2005.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Edited by Adrian del Caro and Roger
Pippin, Translated by Adrian del Caro. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
傅柯著作:
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: the Birth of Prison, Translated by Alan
Sheridan. New York: Vintage, 1977.
Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality vol.1: An Introduction. Translated by
Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
Foucault, Michel. Power/Knowledge – Selected Interviews and Other Writings,
1972–1977. Edited by Colin Gordon, Translated by Colin Gordon, Leo Marshall,
John Mepham, and Kate Soper. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980.
Foucault, Michel.“Two Lectures.”in Power/Knowledge – Selected Interviews and
Other Writings, 1972–1977. Edited by Colin Gordon, Translated by Colin
Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham, and Kate Soper. New York: Pantheon
Books, 1980.
Foucault, Michel.“Prison Talk.”in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and
Other Writings, 1972–1977. Edited by Colin Gordon, Translated by Colin
Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham, and Kate Soper. New York: Pantheon
Books, 1980.
Foucault, Michel.“The Confession of the Flesh.”in Power/Knowledge: Selected
Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977. Edited by Colin Gordon, Translated
by Colin Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham, and Kate Soper. New York:
Pantheon Books, 1980.
Foucault, Michel.“Body/Power.” in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and
Other Writings, 1972–1977. Edited by Colin Gordon, Translated by Colin
Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham, and Kate Soper. New York: Pantheon
Books, 1980.
Foucault, Michel. “Omnes et Singulatim: Towards a Criticism of ‘Political Reason’. ”
in The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Vol.2. Edited by Sterling M. McMurrin.
Salt Lake. City: University of Utah Press, 1981.
Foucault, Michel. Untying the Text: A Post-structuralist Reader. Edited by Robert
Young. Boston and London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981.
Foucault, Michel.“Afterword: The Subject and Power.”in Michel Foucault: Beyond
Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
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by Paul Rabinow. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984.
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Rabinow. New York: Pantheon Books , 1984.
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Foucault, Michel. Religion and culture. Edited by Jeremy Carrette. New York:Routledge, 1999.
Foucault, Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences,
Translated by Alan Sheridan. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
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1975-1976. Translated by David Macey. New York: Picador, 2003.
Foucault, Michel. Abnormal: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1974–1975.
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Foucault, Michel. The Birth of Biopolitics : Lectures at the Colllege de
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Foucault, Michel. The Courage of Truth: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1983–84,
Translated by Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
(二)中文譯本:
尼采著作:
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晶浩、高天忻譯,上海:華東師範大學,2008 年。
尼采:《扎拉圖斯特拉如是說》,黃明嘉、婁林譯,上海:華東師範大學,2008 年。
尼采:《權力意志》(上卷),孫周興譯,北京:商務印書館,2007 年。
尼采:《權力意志》(下卷),孫周興譯,北京:商務印書館,2008 年。
尼采:《敵基督者》,吳增定譯,載於吳增定,《《敵基督者》講稿》,北京:三聯
書店,2012 年。
尼采:《善惡的彼岸》,趙千帆譯,新北市:大家,2015 年。
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印書館,2015 年。
傅柯著作:
福柯:《必須保衛社會》,錢翰譯,上海:上海人民,1999 年。
福柯:〈尼采、系譜學、歷史〉(1971),載於《尼采在西方─解讀尼采》,蘇力譯、
李猛校,上海:上海三聯,2002 年。
福柯:《詞與物──人文科學考古學》,莫偉民譯,上海:上海三聯,2002 年。
福柯:《規訓與懲罰》,劉北成、楊遠嬰譯,北京:三聯書店,2003 年。
福柯:《古典時代瘋狂史》,林志明譯,北京:三聯書店,2005 年。
福柯:〈主體和權力〉(1982),載於《傅柯─超越結構主義與詮釋學》,錢俊譯,
新店市:桂冠,2005 年。
福柯:《性經驗史》,佘碧平譯,上海:上海人民,2009 年。
福柯:《安全、領土與人口》,錢翰、陳曉徑譯,上海:上海人民,2010 年。
福柯:《不正常的人》,錢翰譯,上海:上海人民,2010 年。
福柯:《福柯讀本》,汪民安主編,北京:北京大學,2010 年。
福柯:《生命政治的誕生》,莫偉民、趙偉譯,上海:上海人民,2011 年。
福柯:〈全體與單一─走向政治理性批判〉(1979),載於《生產‧第七輯》,汪民
安、郭曉彥主編,南京:江蘇人民,2011 年。
福柯:《什麼是批判》,汪民安編,北京:北京大學,2015 年。
福柯:《自我技術》,汪民安編,北京:北京大學,2015 年。
二、其他文獻資料:
(一)英文專書:
Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. London: Andrew Crooke, 1651.
Russell, Bertrand. History of Western Philosophy. London: George Allen and Unwin
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Strauss, Leo. Natural Right and History. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,
1953.
Walzer, Michael. The Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical
Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965.
Althusser, Louis.“Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes towards an
Investigation).”in Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, Translated by Ben
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(二)中文專書:
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柏拉圖:《理想國》,郭斌和、張竹明譯,北京:商務印書館,1986 年。
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費德希克‧格霍:《傅柯考》,何乏筆、楊凱麟、龔卓軍譯,臺北市:麥田,2006 年。
傑佛瑞‧托瑪斯:《政治哲學導論》,顧肅、劉雪梅譯,北京:中國人民大學,
2006 年。
漢語聖經協會:《聖經─中英對照(和合本‧新國際版)》,香港:漢語聖經協會,
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邁克爾‧曼:《社會權力的來源(第一卷)》,劉北城、李少軍譯,上海:上海人民,
2007 年。
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笛卡兒:《沉思錄》,周春塘譯,臺北市:五南,2010 年。
曾慶豹主編:《重讀奧古斯丁《懺悔錄》》,新北市:臺灣基督教文藝,2012 年。
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海伍德:《政治學核心概念》,吳勇譯,北京:中國人民大學,2013 年。
康德:《康德歷史哲學論文集》,李明輝譯,臺北市:聯經,2013 年。
黃國鉅:《尼采:從酒神到超人》,香港:中華書局,2014 年。
張一兵:《回到福柯──暴力性構序與生命治安的話語構境》,上海:上海人民,
2016 年。
劉滄龍:《氣的跨文化思考:王船山氣學與尼采哲學的對話》,臺北市:五南,2016
年。
曾慶豹:《盲者的視域:解構之於神學》,新北市:臺灣基督教文藝,2017 年。
黃國鉅編:《尼采透視》,臺北市:五南,2017 年。
莫偉民:《從『解剖政治』到『生命政治』──福柯政治哲學研究》,上海:上海
人民,2018 年。
黃瑞祺:《傅柯三論:傅柯晚期思想研究》,臺北市:唐山,2018 年。
(三) 期刊論文:
英文期刊:
Ferguson, Kathy E.“Interpretation and Genealogy in Feminism.”Signs: Journal of
Women in Culture and Society 16, no. 2 (1991):322-339.
Blake, Lynn A.“Pastoral power, governmentality and cultures of order in
nineteenth-century British Columbia. ” Transactions, Institute of British
Geographers, 24 (1999):79-93.
Carrette, Jeremy. “Foucault, Religion, and Pastoral Power.” A Companion to Foucault.
Edited by C. Falzon, T. O’Leary and Sawicki. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell
(2013):368-383.
Curtis, Bruce. “Pastoral power, sovereignty and class: Church, tithe and simony in
Quebec.” Special Section: Foucault and religion: Critical engagements (2017),
Critical Research on Religion Vol. 5, No. 2 (August 2017):151-169.
中文期刊:
俞吾金:〈也談Der Wille zur Macht 的漢譯〉,《哲學譯叢》第03 期(2001),頁77-78。
吳豐維:〈何謂主體性?一個實踐哲學的考察〉,《思想》雜誌第四期(2007),頁
63-78。
孫雲平:〈歷史與人生─尼采於《不合時宜之觀察》對歷史方法論與目的論之批
判〉,《國立臺灣大學哲學論評》第四十五期(2013),頁1-38。
(四) 博士論文:
蘇峰山:《派深思與傅柯論現代社會中的權力》(國立臺灣大學社會學研究所博
士論文,1994 年)。
謝宗宜:《傅柯《性史》中的倫理與自由》(國立政治大學哲學研究所博士論文,
2011 年)。
張彥南:《論傅柯的考古學作為一種方法》(國立臺灣大學哲學研究所博士論文,
2017 年)。
 
 
 
 
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