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題名：美國最高法院與工作場所性騷擾之爭議
書刊名：歐美研究
作者：焦興鎧
作者(外文)：Chiao, Cing-kae
出版日期：2001
卷期：31:2
頁次：頁325-420
主題關鍵詞：工作場所性騷擾；同性性騷擾；管理監督者之性騷擾；雇主法律責任；美國最高法院；Sexual harassment in the workplace；Same-sex sexual harassment；Supervisory sexual harassment；Employer liability；United States Supreme Court
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(10) 博士論文(1) 專書(1) 專書論文(4)
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　　　　　本文對美國最高法院過去十三年來對工作場所性騷擾爭議之五項相關判決做一詳盡之評析，並說明未來之走向。除緒論及結論外，全文共分五大部分：第一部分探討一問題在美國所引起之各譴法律爭議。第二部分則研析最高法院在Meritor及Harris兩案之判決，除敘述兩案之重要事實及各下級法院之判決外，並分析該院之多數意見及贊同意見。第三部分討論該院在報庭期對三件相關案件之判決，其中Oncale一案是希望解決各聯邦下級法院對同性間性騷擾之判決歧異情形，而Faragher及Ellerth兩案，則是要釐清在類事件中雇主法律責任屬之爭端，其處理方式與第二部分相同。最後，本文在第四及第五部分則設法對美最高法院此五項判決做一綜合評述。
　　　　　The purpose of this paper is to make an in-depth examination of five decisions concerning various controversies over sexual harassment at work rendered by the U.S. Supreme Court in the past thirteen years. In addition to the introductory and concluding remarks, the contents of the paper can be divided into five sections. Section One describes a number of legal disputes caused by the problems of sexual harassment in the workplace. Section Two examines the Meritior and Harris cases ruled on by the Supreme Court. Aside from the facts of the cases and the rulings of the District Courts and Courts of Appeals, both majority and concurring opinions of the Supreme Court are fully analyzed. Section Three discusses three related cases rendered by the Court in the 1998 session. Among them, Oncale Concerns the issue of same-sex sexual harassment, and Farager and Ellerth both try to clarify the scope of employer liability involving supervisor sexual harassment. Section Four details the controversies solved by these five decisions while Sections five outlines several potential issues to be faced by the Court in the near future.
期刊論文
1.Estrich, Susan(1991)。Sex at Work。Stanford Law Review，43(4)，813-861。  new window
2.Franke, Katherine M.(1998)。Gender, Sex, Agency and Discrimination: A Reply to Professor Abrams。Cornell Law Review，83，1245-1256。  new window
3.Calleros, Charles R.(1995)。The Meaning of 'Sex': Homosexual and Bisexual Harassment Under Title VII。Vermont Law Review，20，55-79。  new window
4.Franke, Katherine M.(1997)。What's Wrong with Sexual Harassment?。Stanford Law Review，49(4)，691-772。  new window
5.焦興鎧(19971200)。美國雇主對工作場所性騷擾事件之法律責任及預防之道。歐美研究，27(4)，85-197。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.Storrow, Richard(1998)。Same-Sex Sexual Harassment Claims after Oncale: Defining the Boundaries of Actionable Conduct。American University Law Review，47，677-745。  new window
7.(1996)。Footnote 55: Closing the 'Bisexual Defense' Loophole in Title VII Sexual Harassment Cases。Minnesota Law Review，80，1013-1045。  new window
8.焦興鎧(19990400)。美國法院對工所場所性騷擾判決之發展趨勢--兼論對我國相關制度之啟示。國立臺灣大學法學論叢，28(3)，29-87。new window  延伸查詢new window
9.Aalberts, Robert J.、Seidman, Lorne H.(1994)。Sexual Harassment of Employees by Non-Employees: When Does the Employer Become Liable?。Pepperdine Law Review，21，447-475。  new window
10.Fischer, Carrie Benson(1996)。Employee Rights in Sex Work: The Struggle for Dancers' Rights as Employees。Law and Inequality Journal，14，521-554。  new window
11.International Labour Office(1992)。Combating Sexual Harassment at Work。Conditions of Work Digest，11，1-300。  new window
12.Strauss, Marcy(1990)。Sexist Speech in the Workplace。Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review，25，1-51。  new window
13.Watson, Jerome R.(1993)。Employer Liability for the Sexually Harassing Actions of Its Customers。Employee Relations Law Journal，19，227-237。  new window
14.焦興鎧(19990900)。工作場所性騷擾被害人在美國尋求救濟途徑之研究。歐美研究，29(3)，1-76。new window  延伸查詢new window
15.焦興鎧(19990600)。美國最高法院對工作場所性騷擾爭議第一則判決之研究--Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson一案之評析。勞資關係論叢，9，1-37。  延伸查詢new window
16.Levy, Anne C.(1989)。The Change in Employer Liability for Supervision Sexual Harassment after Meritor: Much Ado about Nothing。Arkansas Law Review，42，795-835。  new window
17.Lewis, Darryll M. Halcomb(1993)。Sexual Harassment Under Workers' Compensation Law。Labor Law Journal，44，297-306。  new window
18.Marcosson, Samuel A.(1992)。Harassment on the Base of Sexual Orientation: A Claim of Sex Discrimination Under Title VII。The Georgetown Law Journal，81，1-38。  new window
19.Norris, Megan P.、Randon, Mark A.(1993)。Sexual Orientation and the Workplace: Recent Developments in Discrimination and Harassment Law。Employee Relations Law Journal，19，233-245。  new window
20.Van Tol, Joan E.(1991)。Eros Gone Awry: Liability Under Title VII for Workplace Sexual Favoritism。Industrial Relations Law Journal，13，153-182。  new window
21.(1995)。The Forgotten Interest Group: Reforming Title VII to Address the Concerns of Workers While Eliminating Sexual Harassment。Vanderbilt Law Review，48，1019-1056。  new window
22.Comisky, Hope A.(1996)。Beware of the Alleged Harasser: Lawsuits by Those Accused of Sexual Harassment。The Labor Lawyer，12，277-290。  new window
23.Abrams, Kathryn(1998)。The New Jurisprudence of Sexual Harassment。Cornell Law Review，83，1169-1230。  new window
24.Abrams, Kathryn(1998)。Postscript, Spring 1998: A Response to Professors Bernstein and Franke。Cornell Law Review，83，1257-1268。  new window
25.Allegretti, Joseph G.(1983)。Sexual Harassment by Nonemployees: The Limits of Employer Liability。Employee Relations Law Journal，9，98-111。  new window
26.Anderson, Cheryl L.(1998)。'Nothing Personal': Individual Liability Under 42 U. S. C. §1983 for Sexual Harassment As an Equal Protection Claims。Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law，19，60-107。  new window
27.Baker, Carrie N.(1994)。Sexual Extortion: Criminalizing Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment。Law and Inequality，13，213-251。  new window
28.Bennett-Alexander, Dawn D.(1998)。Same-Gender Sexual Harassment: The Supreme Court Allows Coverage Under Title VII。Labor Law Journal，49(April)，927-940。  new window
29.Bernstein, Anita(1997)。Treating Sexual Harassment with Respect。Harvard Law Review，111，445-527。  new window
30.Bernstein, Anita(1998)。An Old Jurisprudence: Respect in Retrospect。Cornell Law Review，83，1231-1244。  new window
31.Bible, Jon D.(1999)。A Second Generation of Sexual Harassment Law: The Supreme Court Rewrites the Rules for the Workplace。Labor Law Journal，50(Summer)，115-129。  new window
32.Brown, Barbara B.、Germanis, Intera L.(1994)。Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment: Has Harris Really Changed Things?。Employee Relations Law Journal，19，567-578。  new window
33.Browne, Kingsley R.(1991)。Title VII as Censorship: Hostile-Environment Harassment and the First Amendment。Ohio State Law Journal，52，481-550。  new window
34.Cerasia, II Edward(1994)。Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.: An Objective Standard, But Whose Perspective?。The Labor Lawyer，10，253-268。  new window
35.Casenote(1994)。Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment after Harris: Abolishing the Requirement of Psychological Injury, Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.。Thurgood Marshall Law Review，19，451-474。  new window
36.Cohen, Ronnie、O'Byrne, Shannon、Maxwell, Patricia(1999)。Employment Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation: The American, Canadian and U. K. Responses。Law and Inequality，17，1-56。  new window
37.Colker, Ruth(1995)。Whores, Fags, Dumb-Ass Women, Surly Blacks, and Competent Heterosexual White Men: The Sexual and Racial Morality Underlying Anti-Discrimination Doctrine。Yale Journal of Law and Feminism，7，195-225。  new window
38.(1989)。Sexual Harassment Cases and the Law of Evidence: A Proposed Rule。The University of Chicago Legal Forum，219-250。  new window
39.(1989)。The Meaning of 'Sex' in Title VII: Is Favoring an Employee Lover a Violation of the Act?。Northwestern University Law Review，83，612-644。  new window
40.Horton, Amy(1991)。Of Supervision, Centerfolds, and Censorship: Sexual Harassment, the First Amendment, and the Contours of Title VII。University of Miami Law Review，46，403-453。  new window
41.(1993)。The Implications of Admitting Evidence of a Sexual Harassment Plaintiff's Speech and Dress in the Aftermath of Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson。UCLA Law Review，41，117-151。  new window
42.Jacobs, Jo Annette(1994)。No More Nervous Breakdown: Sexual Harassment and the Hostile Work Environment。UMKC Law Review，62，521-548。  new window
43.(1994)。Sexual Harassment after Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. - Is It Really Easier to Prove?。Nova Law Review，18，1889-1917。  new window
44.Karner, Jessica M.(1995)。Political Speech, Sexual Harassment, and a Captive Workplace。California Law Review，83，637-691。  new window
45.(1997)。Defining 'Sex' in Same-Sex Sexual Harassment: The Opinions of the Federal Courts。Labor Law Journal，48(September)，535-543。  new window
46.Ehrenreich, Rosa(1999)。Dignity and Discrimination: Toward A Pluralistic Understanding of Workplace Harassment。The Georgetown Law Journal，88，1-64。  new window
47.Cooper, Stacy J.(1993)。Sexual Harassment and the Swedish Bikini Team: A Reevaluation of the 'Hostile Environment' Doctrine。Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems，26，387-434。  new window
48.Estes, R. Wayne、Futch, Jennifer L.(1994)。Psychological Injury Not Essential for Sexual Harassment Claims。Labor Law Journal，45(March)，182-186。  new window
49.Fallon, Richard H. Jr.(1994)。Sexual Harassment, Content Neutral, and the First Amendment Dog That Didn't Bark。The Supreme Court Review，1994，1-56。  new window
50.Fain, Terri C.、Anderson, Douglas L.(1987)。Sexual Harassment: Organizational Context and Diffuse Status。Sex Roles，17，291-311。  new window
51.Goodman, Jill L.(1991)。Sexual Harassment: Some Observations on the Distance Travelled and the Distance yet to Go。Capital Law Review，10，445-469。  new window
52.Hager, Mark M.(1998)。Harassment Law's Conflicted Course。Labor Law Journal，49(December)，1225-1231。  new window
53.Hames, David S.(1995)。Examining the Relationship Between Title VII's Sexual Harassment Prohibitions and the First Amendment's Free Speech Provisions: Is There a Conflict?。Labor Law Journal，46(March)，175-181。  new window
54.Kirk, J. Delaney、Clapham, Maria M.(1996)。'Bagging' or 'Goosing': How the Courts are Ruling in Same-Sex Sexual Harassment Claims。Labor Law Journal，47(July)，403-417。  new window
55.Kirk, J. Delaney、Clapham, Maria M.(1998)。Is It Just 'Man Behaving Badly' or Sexual Harassment? The Supreme Court Ruling on Same-Sex Harassment。Labor Law Journal，49，954-961。  new window
56.Korn, Jane B.(1991)。The Fungible Women and Other Myths of Sexual Harassment。Arizona Law Review，33，383-399。  new window
57.Lennon, Theresa L.、Lennon, Sharron J.、Johnson, Kim K. P.(1993)。Is Clothing Probative of Attitude or Intent? Implications for Rape and Sexual Harassment Cases。Law and Inequality，11，391-415。  new window
58.Leonard, Arthur S.(1993)。Sexual Orientation and the Workplace: A Rapidly Developing Field。Labor Law Journal，44(September)，574-583。  new window
59.Mallery, Mark N.、Rachal, Robert(1997)。Report on the Growing Tension Between First Amendment and Harassment Law。The Labor Lawyer，12，475-482。  new window
60.Morlacci, Maria(1987)。Sexual Harassment and the Impact of Vinson。Employee Relations Law Journal，13，501-519。  new window
61.Maypole, Donald E.(1987)。Sexual Harassment at Work: A Review of Research and Theory。Affilia: Journal of Women & Social Work，2，24-30。  new window
62.(1988)。Employer Liability for 'Hostile Environment' Sexual Harassment, Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson。Howard Law Review，31，51-65。  new window
63.(1987)。Between the Boss and a Hard Place: A Considerations of Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson and the Law of Sexual Harassment。Boston University Law Review，67，445-467。  new window
64.(1989)。Developments - Sexual Orientation and the Law-Employment Law Issues Affecting Gay Men and Lesbians。Harvard Law Review，102，1554-1584。  new window
65.(1989)。Sexual Harassment and Title VII - A Better Solution。Boston College Law Review，30，1071-1101。  new window
66.(1989)。The Aftermath of Meritor: A Search for Standards in the Law of Sexual Harassment。The Yale Law Journal，98，1717-1738。  new window
67.(1992)。Current Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment Law: Time to Stop Defendants from Having Their Cake and Eating Too。Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics and Public Policy，6，543-581。  new window
68.(1992)。Did She Ask for It? The 'Unwelcome' Requirement in Sexual Harassment Cases。Cornell Law Review，77，1558-1592。  new window
69.(1993)。Pornography, Equality, and a Discrimination-Free Workplace: A Comparative Perspective。Harvard Law Review，106，1075-1092。  new window
70.(1994)。Harris v. Forklift System: The Supreme Court Takes One Step Forward and Two Steps Back on the Issue of Hostile Work Environment Sexual Harassment。Detroit College Law Review，1151-1178。  new window
71.(1995)。Beyond Pinups: Workplace Restrictions on the Private Consumption of Pornography。Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly，23，271-311。  new window
72.Smith, Jennifer E.(1995)。Fine Tuning the Wrong Balance: Why the New Rule 412 Does Not Go Far Enough to End Harassment in Sexual Harassment Litigation。Wisconsin Women's Law Journal，10，63-107。  new window
73.(1995)。Hooters: Should There Be an Assumption of Risk Defense to Some Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment Claim?。Vanderbilt Law Review，48，1107-1153。  new window
74.(1995)。Proving Welcomeness: The Admissibility of Evidence of Sexual History in Sexual Harassment Claims Under the 1994 Amendments to Federal Rule of Evidence 412。Vanderbilt Law Review，48，1155-1214。  new window
75.(1998)。Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. and the Future of Title VII Sexual Harassment Jurisprudence。Boston College Law Review，39，937-963。  new window
76.(1996)。Developments - Employment Discrimination。Harvard Law Review，109，1568-1692。  new window
77.(1998)。Testing the Strength of Title VII Sexual Harassment Protection: Can It Support a Hostile Work Environment Claim Brought by a Nude Dancer?。New York University Review of Law and Social Change，26，271-314。  new window
78.(1998)。What is a Gender Norm and Why Should We Care? Implementing a New Theory in Sexual Harassment Law。Stanford Law Review，51，161-182。  new window
79.(1999)。The Importance of Updating Sexual Harassment Policies to Thwart Same-Sex Sexual Harassment Claims。Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal，16，481-513。  new window
80.Oshige, Miranda(1995)。What's Sex Got to Do with It?。Stanford Law Review，47，565-594。  new window
81.Paul, Ellen F.(1990)。Sexual Harassment as Sex Discrimination: A Defective Paradigm。Yale Law & Policy Review，8，333-365。  new window
82.Perry, Sandra J.、Fink, Ross L.(1997)。Doe v. City of Belleville: Should the Employer Differentiate between Horseplay and Same-Sex Sexual Harassment?。Labor Law Journal，48，749-758。  new window
83.Perry, Sandra J.、Fink, Ross L.(1998)。Resolving The Legality of Same-Sex Sexual Harassment: The Case of Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.。Labor Law Journal，49，949-953。  new window
84.Phillips, Michael J.(1991)。Employer Sexual Harassment Liability Under Agency Principles: A Second Look at Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson。Vanderbilt Law Review，44，1229-1272。  new window
85.Robinson, Robert K.、Kirk, Delaney J.、Stephens, Elvis C.(1987)。Hostile Environment: A Review of the Implications of Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson。Labor Law Journal，38，182-186。  new window
86.Robinson, Brian J. Reitled、Franklin, Geralyn McClure(1998)。Same-Sex Sexual Harassment: The Implications of Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services。Labor Law Journal，49(April)，941-948。  new window
87.Robinson, R. K.、Frink, D. D.、Reithel, B. J.、Franklin, G. M.(1998)。Vicarious Liability for Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment: Examining the Implications of the Ellerth and Faragher Decisions。Labor Law Journal，49，1232-1240。  new window
88.Safran, Claire(1976)。What Men Do to Women on the Job: A Shocking Look at Sexual Harassment。Redbook，48(November)，149-224。  new window
89.Sanger, Carol(1992)。The Reasonable Woman and Ordinary Man。Southern California Law Review，60，1411-1413。  new window
90.Scalia, Eugene(1998)。The Strange Career of Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment。Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy，21，307-325。  new window
91.Schultz, David(1993)。From Reasonable Man to Unreasonable Victim?: Assessing Harris v. Forklift Systems and Shifting Standards of Proof and Perspective in Title VII Sexual Harassment Law。Suffolk Law Review，27，713-748。  new window
92.Schultz, Vicki(1998)。Reconceptualizing Sexual Harassment。The Yale Law Journal，107，1683-1805。  new window
93.Spitko, E. Gary(1997)。He Said, He Said: Same-Sex Sexual Harassment under Title VII and the 'Reasonable Heterosexist' Standard。Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law，18，56-97。  new window
94.Valdes, Francisco(1995)。Queers, Sissies, Dykes, and Tomboys: Deconstructing the Conflation of 'Sex', 'Gender', and 'Sex Orientation', in Euro-American Law and Society。California Law Review，83，1-377。  new window
95.Volokh, Eugene(1996)。Freedom of Speech and Appellate Review in Workplace Harassment Cases。Northwestern University Law Review，90，1009-1031。  new window
96.Weiss, Marley S.(1998)。The Supreme Court 1997-1998 Labor and Employment Law Term (Part I): The Sexual Harassment Decisions。The Labor Lawyer，14，261-315。  new window
97.Whittenburg, Elizabeth R. Koller(1998)。Individual Liability for Sexual Harassment Under Federal Law。The Labor Lawyer，14，357-371。  new window
圖書
1.Gutek, B. A.(1985)。Sex and the Workplace: The Impact of Sexual Behavior and Harassment on Women, Men, and Organizations。San Francisco, CA：Jossey-Bass。  new window
2.焦興鎧(19970000)。工作場所性騷擾問題在美國所引起之法律爭議。臺北：中華民國勞資關係協進會。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.Lindemann, Barbara、Kadue, David D.(1992)。Sexual Harassment in Employment Law。Washington, D.C.：Bureau of National Affairs。  new window
4.Jost, Kenneth(1999)。The Supreme Court Yearbook, 1997-1998。The Supreme Court Yearbook, 1997-1998。Washington, DC。  new window
5.Farley, L.(1978)。Sexual Shakedown: The Sexual Harassment of Women on the Job。Sexual Shakedown: The Sexual Harassment of Women on the Job。New York, NY。  new window
6.United States Merit Systems Protection Board(1981)。Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: Is It a Problem?。Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: Is It a Problem?。Washington, DC。  new window
7.United States Merit Systems Protection Board(1987)。Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: An Update。Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: An Update。Washington, DC。  new window
8.United States Merit Systems Protection Board(1995)。Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: Trends, Progress, Continuing Challenges。Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: Trends, Progress, Continuing Challenges。Washington, DC。  new window
圖書論文
1.焦興鎧(1998)。美國最高法院對工作場所性騷擾爭議之最新判決－Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.一案之解析。美國最高法院重要判決之研究：1993~1995。臺北：中央研究院歐美研究所。new window  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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