This paper examines the Zhubing yuanhou lun (The Origins and Symptoms of Disorders, 610), the earliest extant Chinese medical text centering on aetiology and symptoms of disease, along with many other medical accounts, to explore contemporaneous Chinese conceptions and doctrines of contagion, origins, and agents of contagious disease. Un1ike most previous studies, which apply modem biological medicine as the only criterion by which to judge and evaluate Chinese medicine, this study focuses on a single medical text and analyzes its place within its historical, social and cultural contexts. This paper points out the risk and confusion that result from adopting modem medical jargon and theory to study pre-modem Chinese medicine. Moreover, I also set out to examine the medical expert’s and the layman’s respective ideas of origins of contagious disease in order to contrast different professions and social status. Furthermore, this paper delves into the moral dilemma inherent in f1eeingepidemics: on the one hand is the notion of self-preservation, on the other hand lies the responsibility of helping family members. Social debates about such choices, embedded within political, intellectual and social concerns and anxiety, provide a closer look into the social history of medieval China.