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題名：印象與真相--清朝中英兩國的覲禮之爭
書刊名：中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊
作者：黃一農 引用關係
作者(外文)：Huang, Yi-long
出版日期：2007
卷期：78:1
頁次：頁35-106
主題關鍵詞：中英關係；覲禮之爭；馬戛爾尼；阿美士德；斯當東；Sino-Britain relations；Guest ritual controversy；George Macartney；William Pitt Amherst；George Leonard Staunton
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(13) 博士論文(2) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:13
  • 共同引用共同引用:113
  • 點閱點閱:494
乾隆朝英使馬戛爾尼 (George Macartney, 1737-1806) 來華事件中最引人注目的覲禮之爭，一直是學界的世紀之謎。本文根據龐雜的清宮檔案以及散見於歐、美各地的西方原始材料，嘗試深入析探各文本與圖像的形塑過程及其作者的主觀意識，新發現當時或為提供雙方稍後各自表述的空間，遂協議先在入覲時行略加修改的中式禮節：雙膝下跪三次，每次三俯首深鞠躬，但不叩頭；緊接著在呈遞國書時，則用英式禮節，單膝跪地，親手將國書交給皇帝，但免去吻手禮。 又由於馬戛爾尼否認雙膝跪叩一事，亦與一八一六年來華的阿美士德 (William Pitt Amherst, 1773-1857) 使團及一八三三年的律勞卑 (William John Napier, 1786-1834) 事件有直接或間接的關涉，故文中也將討論這些與覲禮相關之衝突在鴉片戰爭以及晚清的對外交涉中所曾扮演的角色，並嘗試辨明歷史真相與印象間的分際。
Among all incidents that took place during the visit of George Macartney (1737-1806) and his retinue to China in 1793, the diplomatic encounter involving the guest ritual between China and Britain is particularly controversial. Which form of ceremony Macartney actually performed in front of Qianlong’s throne has long been an unsolved mystery and topic of debate in academic circles. Using numerous documents from the Qing imperial archives, British manuscripts, as well as printed materials from various libraries throughout Europe and North America, the author attempts to provide an objective and comprehensive historical account of these guest rituals and how they were narrated throughout history. By analyzing the way in which texts and illustrations were produced, and conducting direct and cross examinations, the author attempts to grasp the subjective point of view of each author. New findings reveal that the Chinese and the British reached a compromise, and later reports of these guest rituals documented by Chinese and British officials were created in such a way as to provide ample room for interpretation advantageous to each side, while neglecting those aspects considered less respectful. The agreement was that Macartney would perform a slightly modified Chinese ceremony during the reception of the British Ambassador, which consisted of kneeling three times on both knees and bowing profoundly thrice each time without performing the kowtow. Immediately thereafter he would perform the British ceremony when delivering the credential, which involved kneeling on one knee and delivering the document into the Emperor’s own hands while omitting the kissing of the Emperor’s hand. Macartney later denied having knelt down on both knees and this controversy directly or indirectly influenced the diplomatic encounters between Qing China and Britain when Macartney’s successors William Pitt Amherst (1773-1857) and William John Napier (1786-1834) visited China in 1816 and 1833, respectively. Analyzing these events, the author tries not only to investigate the impact of these confrontations on the Opium War and the diplomatic history of the late-Qing, but also to differentiate between impression and reality in history.
期刊論文
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8.牛軍凱(2005)。三跪九叩与五拜三叩：清朝与安南的礼仪之争。南洋问题研究，1，46-52。  延伸查詢new window
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23.Pritchard, Earl H.(1943)。Diplomatic MIssions to teh Court of China: The Kotow Question II。American Historical Review，2(4)，163-203。  new window
24.何偉亞(1995)。The Scandal of Inequality: Koutou as Signifier。Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique，3(1)，97-118。  new window
25.何偉亞(1998)。Postpolemical Historiogaphy: A Response to Joseph W. Esherick。Modern China，24(3)，319-327。  new window
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27.Boxer, Charles R.(1939)。Isaac Titsingh's Embassy to the Court of Ch'ien Lung (1794-1795)。Tien Hsia，8(1)，9-33。  new window
28.Clunas, Craig(1994)。Oriental Antiquities/Far Eastern Art。Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique，2(2)，318-355。  new window
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30.Esherick, Joseph W.(1998)。Tradutore, Traditore: A Reply to James Hevia。Modern China，24(3)，328-332。  new window
31.牛軍凱(2005)。三跪九叩與五拜三叩：清朝與安南的禮儀之爭。南洋問題研究，2005(2)，46-52。  延伸查詢new window
32.王開璽(2004)。試論中國跪拜禮儀的廢除。史學集刊，2004(2)，18-21。  延伸查詢new window
33.Elman, Benjamin A.、Huters, Theodore(1997)。馬嘎爾尼使團、後現代主義與近代中國史：評周錫瑞對何偉亞著作的批評。二十一世紀，44，118-130。  延伸查詢new window
34.紀欣(2004)。清代軍機章京述論。承德民族師專學報，2004(4)，56-58。  延伸查詢new window
35.張隆溪(2001)。「餘論」的餘論。二十一世紀，65，90-91。  延伸查詢new window
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69.Hall, Basil(1826)。Voyage to Loo-Choo and Other Places in the Eastern Seas, in the Year 1816。Voyage to Loo-Choo and Other Places in the Eastern Seas, in the Year 1816。Edinburgh, UK。  new window
70.Adams, W.(1828)。The Modern Voyager and Traveller through Europe, Asia, Africa, & America。The Modern Voyager and Traveller through Europe, Asia, Africa, & America。London, UK。  new window
71.Abbott, Jacob(1835)。China and the English: or the Character and Manners of the Chinese。China and the English: or the Character and Manners of the Chinese。New York, NY。  new window
72.Staunton, George Thomas(1840)。Corrected Report of the Speech of Sir George Staunton, on Sir James Graham's Motion on the China Trade in the House of Commons, April 7, 1840。Corrected Report of the Speech of Sir George Staunton, on Sir James Graham's Motion on the China Trade in the House of Commons, April 7, 1840。London, UK。  new window
73.Anonymous(1842)。A Complete View of the Chinese Empire... a Dissertation on Its Antiquity, and a Genuine and Copious Account of Earl Macartney's Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China。A Complete View of the Chinese Empire... a Dissertation on Its Antiquity, and a Genuine and Copious Account of Earl Macartney's Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China。London, UK。  new window
74.Corner, Julia(1853)。China: Pictorial, Descriptive and Historical with Some Account of Ava and the Burmese, Siam and Anam。China: Pictorial, Descriptive and Historical with Some Account of Ava and the Burmese, Siam and Anam。London, UK。  new window
75.(1855)。Pictorial History of China and India。Pictorial History of China and India。New York, NY。  new window
76.Proudfoot, William Jardine(1868)。Biographical Memoir of James Dinwiddie, LL.D., Astronomer in the British Embassy to China 1792, '3, '4。Biographical Memoir of James Dinwiddie, LL.D., Astronomer in the British Embassy to China 1792, '3, '4。Liverpool, UK。  new window
77.Townsend, W. J.(1928)。Robert Morrison: Pioneer of Missions to China。Robert Morrison: Pioneer of Missions to China。London, UK。  new window
78.Macartney, George(1962)。An Embassy to China. Being the Journal Kept by Lord Macartney during His Embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793-1794。London, UK：Longmans, Green & Company。  new window
79.Hibbert, Christopher(1971)。The Dragon Wakes: China and the West 1793-1911。The Dragon Wakes: China and the West 1793-1911。Newton Abbot, UK。  new window
80.Staunton, George Thomas(1793)。Journal of a Voyage to China, 2nd Part。Journal of a Voyage to China, 2nd Part。0。  new window
81.Beeching, Jack(1975)。The Chinese Opium Wars。The Chinese Opium Wars。San Diego。  new window
82.(1984)。朝鮮正宗大王實錄。朝鮮正宗大王實錄。韓國，漢城。  延伸查詢new window
83.覺羅勒德洪(1986)。高宗純皇帝實錄。北京市：中華書局。  延伸查詢new window
84.Tillotson, G. H. R.(1987)。Fan Kwae Pictures: Paintings and Drawings by George Chinnery and Other Artists in the Collection of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation。Fan Kwae Pictures: Paintings and Drawings by George Chinnery and Other Artists in the Collection of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation。London, UK。  new window
85.佩雷菲特(1989)。L'Empire Immobile ou le choc des Mondes。L'Empire Immobile ou le choc des Mondes。Paris, France。  new window
86.佩雷菲特(1990)。Images de l'Empire Immobile。Images de l'Empire Immobile。Paris, France。  new window
87.陳國棟(1990)。The Insolvency of the Chinese Hong Merchants, 1760-1843。Taipei：Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica。  new window
88.佩雷菲特(1991)。Un Choc de Cultures: La Vision des Chinois。Un Choc de Cultures: La Vision des Chinois。Paris, France。  new window
89.Singer, Aubrey(1992)。The Lion and the Dragon: The Story of the First British Embassy to the Court of the Emperor Qianling in Peking 1792-1794。The Lion and the Dragon: The Story of the First British Embassy to the Court of the Emperor Qianling in Peking 1792-1794。London, UK。  new window
90.畢可思(1993)。Ritual & Diplomacy: The Macartney Mission to China 1792-1794。Ritual & Diplomacy: The Macartney Mission to China 1792-1794。London, UK。  new window
91.(1994)。Visiteurs de l'Empire céleste。Visiteurs de l'Empire céleste。Paris, France。  new window
92.(1996)。中英通使二百週年學術討論會論文集。中英通使二百週年學術討論會論文集。北京市。  延伸查詢new window
93.Hüttner, Johann Christian(1996)。Nachricht von der Britischen Gesandtschaftsreise durch China und Einen Teil der Tartarei。Nachricht von der Britischen Gesandtschaftsreise durch China und Einen Teil der Tartarei。Sigmaringen, Germany。  new window
94.秦國經、高換婷(1998)。乾隆皇帝與馬戛爾尼。乾隆皇帝與馬戛爾尼。北京市。  延伸查詢new window
95.佩雷菲特(1998)。Un Choc de Cultures: Le Regard des Anglais。Un Choc de Cultures: Le Regard des Anglais。Paris, France。  new window
96.Wild, Antony(1999)。The East Indian Company: Trade and Conquest from 1600。The East Indian Company: Trade and Conquest from 1600。London, UK。  new window
97.佩雷菲特(2000)。Un Choc de Cultures: L'oeil des Missionnaires。Un Choc de Cultures: L'oeil des Missionnaires。Paris, France。  new window
98.史景遷(2001)。追尋現代中國。追尋現代中國。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
99.安德遜(2002)。英國人眼中的大清王朝。英國人眼中的大清王朝。北京市。  延伸查詢new window
100.(2003)。清朝通史。清朝通史。北京市。  延伸查詢new window
101.(2004)。An Embassy to China. Being the Journal Kept by Lord Macartney during His Embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793-1794。An Embassy to China. Being the Journal Kept by Lord Macartney during His Embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793-1794。London, UK。  new window
102.Anonymous。An Accurate Account of Lord Macartney's Embassy to China。An Accurate Account of Lord Macartney's Embassy to China。London, UK。  new window
103.Dennison, James。The Journal of a Voyage to China in H.M.S. Alceste... 1816-1817。The Journal of a Voyage to China in H.M.S. Alceste... 1816-1817。0。  new window
104.王曾才(1978)。夏戛爾尼使團評述。屈萬里先生七秩榮慶論文集。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
105.秦國經(1996)。從清宮檔案看英使馬爾尼訪華歷史事實。英使馬戛爾尼訪華檔案史料匯編。北京市。  延伸查詢new window
106.Fatica, Michele(1996)。Gli Alumi del Collegium Sinicum di Napoli, La Missione Macartney Presso L'Imperatore Qianlong e la Richiesta di Libertà di Culto per i Cristiani Cinesi (1792-1793)。Studi in Onore di Lionello Lanciotti, 2。Naples, Italy。  new window
107.陳國棟(1997)。1780-1800，中西貿易的關鍵時代。中國海洋發展史論論文集（第六輯）。臺北市。  延伸查詢new window
108.申時行、李東陽。大明會典。0。  延伸查詢new window
109.徐朝俊。高厚蒙求。  延伸查詢new window
110.Michele, Fatica(1996)。Gli alunni del Collegium Sinicum di Napoli, la missione Macartney presso l'imperatore Qianlong e la richiesta di libertà di culto per i cristiani cinesi 1792-1793。Studi in onore di Lionello Lanciotti(2)。Napoli。  new window
111.Wild, Antony(1999)。The East Indian Company: Trade and Conquest for 1600。The East Indian Company: Trade and Conquest for 1600。London。  new window
112.Peyrefitte, Alain L.(1989)。L'Empire immobile ou le choc des mondes。Paris：Fayard。  new window
113.Peyrefitte, Alain(1990)。Images de l'Empire immobile。Images de l'Empire immobile。Paris。  new window
114.Peyrefitte, Alain(1991)。Un choc de cultures: La vision des Chinois。Paris：Fayard。  new window
115.Peyrefitte, Alain(1998)。Un choc de cultures: Le regard des Anglais。Un choc de cultures: Le regard des Anglais。Paris。  new window
116.Peyrefitte, Alain(2000)。Un choc de cultures: L'oeil des Missionaires。Un choc de cultures: L'oeil des Missionaires。Paris。  new window
117.Tillotson, G. H. R.(1987)。Fan Kwae Pictures: Paintings and Drawings by George Chinnery and Other Artists in the Collection of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation。Fan Kwae Pictures: Paintings and Drawings by George Chinnery and Other Artists in the Collection of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation。London。  new window
118.Townsend, W. J.(1928)。Robert Morrison-The Pioneer of Chinese Mission。Robert Morrison-The Pioneer of Chinese Mission。London。  new window
119.何偉亞(1995)。Cherishing Men for Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macarthney Embassy of 1793。Cherishing Men for Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macarthney Embassy of 1793。Durham/London。  new window
120.Hibbert, Christopher(1971)。The Dragon Wakes: China and the West 1793-1911。The Dragon Wakes: China and the West 1793-1911。Newton Abbot, UK。  new window
121.陳國棟(1990)。The Insolvency of the Chinese Hong Merchants, 1760-1843。Taipei。  new window
122.Crammer-Byng, J. L.(2004)。An Embassy to China: Lord Macartney’s Journal, 1793-1794。An Embassy to China: Lord Macartney’s Journal, 1793-1794。London。  new window
123.Beeching, Jack(1975)。The Chinese Opium Wars。The Chinese Opium Wars。San Diego。  new window
124.Winder, Edward(1793)。Account of a Voyage to Brazil, Tristan da Cunha and the East Indies。Account of a Voyage to Brazil, Tristan da Cunha and the East Indies。  new window
125.Staunton, George Thomas(1840)。Corrected Report of the Speech of Sir George Staunton, on Sir James Graham%s Motion on the China Trade in the House of Commons, April 7, 1840。Corrected Report of the Speech of Sir George Staunton, on Sir James Graham%s Motion on the China Trade in the House of Commons, April 7, 1840。London。  new window
126.Staunton, George Thomas(1823)。Memoir of the Life and Family of Sir G. L. Staunton。Memoir of the Life and Family of Sir G. L. Staunton。Havant。  new window
127.Staunton, George Thomas(1856)。Memoirs of the Chief Indicents of the Public Life of Sir George Thomas Staunton, Bart。Memoirs of the Chief Indicents of the Public Life of Sir George Thomas Staunton, Bart。London。  new window
128.(1819)。Scences in China, Exhibiting the Manners, Customs, Diversions, and Singular Peculiarities of the Chinese...Including the Most Interesting paritulars in Lord Amherst's Recent Embassy。Scences in China, Exhibiting the Manners, Customs, Diversions, and Singular Peculiarities of the Chinese...Including the Most Interesting paritulars in Lord Amherst's Recent Embassy。New York。  new window
129.Corner, Julia(1853)。China: Pictorial, Descriptive and Historical with Some Account of Ava and the Burmese, Siam and Anam。China: Pictorial, Descriptive and Historical with Some Account of Ava and the Burmese, Siam and Anam。London。  new window
130.Ellis, Henry(1818)。Journal of the Proceedings of the Late Embassy to China: Comprising a Correct Narrative of the Public Transactions of the Embassy, of the Voyage to and from China, and of the Journey from the Mouth of the Pei-ho to the Return to Canton。Journal of the Proceedings of the Late Embassy to China: Comprising a Correct Narrative of the Public Transactions of the Embassy, of the Voyage to and from China, and of the Journey from the Mouth of the Pei-ho to the Return to Canton。London。  new window
131.Hall, Basil(1826)。Voyage to Loo-Choo and Other Places in the Eastern Seas, in the Year 1816。Voyage to Loo-Choo and Other Places in the Eastern Seas, in the Year 1816。Edinburgh。  new window
132.Holmes, Samuel(1798)。The Journal of Mr. Samuel Holmes。The Journal of Mr. Samuel Holmes。London。  new window
133.Hüttner, Johann Christian(1996)。Nachricht von der Britischen Gesandtschaftsreise durch China und einen Teil der Tartarei。Nachricht von der Britischen Gesandtschaftsreise durch China und einen Teil der Tartarei。Jan Thorbecke Verlag。  new window
134.Sears, Robert R.(1855)。Pictorial History of China and India。Pictorial History of China and India。New York。  new window
135.Abbott, Jacob(1835)。China and the English: or the Character and Manners of the Chinese。China and the English: or the Character and Manners of the Chinese。New York。  new window
136.Abel, Clarke(1818)。Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China, and of a Voyage to and from That Country, in the Years of 1816 and 1817。Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China, and of a Voyage to and from That Country, in the Years of 1816 and 1817。London。  new window
137.Adams, W.(1828)。The Modern Voyager and Traveller through Europe, Asia, Africa, and America。The Modern Voyager and Traveller through Europe, Asia, Africa, and America。London。  new window
138.(1842)。A Complete View of the Chinese Empire...a Dissertation on Its Antiquity, and a Genuine and Copious Account of Early Macartney's Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China。A Complete View of the Chinese Empire...a Dissertation on Its Antiquity, and a Genuine and Copious Account of Early Macartney's Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China。London。  new window
139.(1818)。A Delicate Inquiry into the Embassies to China, and a Legitimate Conclusion from teh Premises。A Delicate Inquiry into the Embassies to China, and a Legitimate Conclusion from teh Premises。London。  new window
140.(1793)。An Asylum for Fugitive Pieces, In Prose and Verse。An Asylum for Fugitive Pieces, In Prose and Verse。London。  new window
141.An Accurate Account of Lord Macartney%s Embassy to China。An Accurate Account of Lord Macartney%s Embassy to China。London。  new window
142.(1984)。朝鮮正宗大王實錄。朝鮮正宗大王實錄。漢城。  延伸查詢new window
143.Anderson, Aeneas(2002)。英國人眼中的大清王朝。英國人眼中的大清王朝。北京。  延伸查詢new window
144.王開璽(1999)。隔膜、衝突與趨向：清代外交禮儀之爭透析。隔膜、衝突與趨向：清代外交禮儀之爭透析。北京。  延伸查詢new window
145.朱誠如(2003)。清史圖典：清朝通史圖錄。清史圖典：清朝通史圖錄。北京。  延伸查詢new window
146.Durand, Pierre-Henri(1996)。兼聽則明：馬戛爾尼使華再探。英使馬戛爾尼訪華檔案史料匯編。北京。  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.（清）阿桂(1983)。八旬萬壽盛典，臺北。  延伸查詢new window
2.大清會典（康熙朝），臺北。  延伸查詢new window
3.阿桂。八旬萬壽聖典，0。  延伸查詢new window
4.跛臣。英吉利國新出種痘奇書，0。  延伸查詢new window
5.梁廷枏。英吉利國記，0。  延伸查詢new window
6.孫玉庭。寄圃老人自記年譜，0。  延伸查詢new window
7.欽定大清會典圖（嘉慶朝），0。  延伸查詢new window
8.欽定禮部則例，0。  延伸查詢new window
9.德保。欽定禮部則例，0。  延伸查詢new window
10.管世銘。韞山堂詩集，0。  延伸查詢new window
11.(1807)。Sketch of the Reign of Tchien-Lung, Late Emperor of China: Including the Reception of Earl Macartney。  new window
12.孫玉庭(1998)。寄圃老人自記年譜，北京。  延伸查詢new window
13.徐朝俊。高厚蒙求。  延伸查詢new window
14.（清）梁廷枏(1978)。英吉利國記，臺北。  延伸查詢new window
15.Staunton, George Leonard(1994)。英使謁見乾隆記實，香港。  延伸查詢new window
16.Pearson, Alexander。英吉利國新出種痘奇書。  延伸查詢new window
17.管世銘。韞山堂詩集。  延伸查詢new window
18.德保(2004)。欽定禮部則例，香港。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.戴廷杰(1996)。兼聽則明：馬戛爾尼使華再探。英使馬戛爾尼訪華檔案史料匯編。北京：國際文化出版公司。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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