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題名:德國威瑪共和的憲法:一個半總統制的個案研究
書刊名:東吳政治學報
作者:沈有忠 引用關係
作者(外文):Shen, Yu-chung
出版日期:2006
卷期:24
頁次:頁163-212
主題關鍵詞:威瑪憲法半總統制總統制議會內閣制Weimar RepublicSemi-presidentialismPresidentialismParliamentarism
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(15) 博士論文(0) 專書(2) 專書論文(2)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:15
  • 共同引用共同引用:193
  • 點閱點閱:97
德國於1919年建立的威瑪共和是德國史上首度的社會民主嘗試,威瑪憲法更被譽為當時極為進步與完備的憲法。然而,這部憲法在形式上卻只運作了短暫的14年,最後更以希特勒的納粹獨裁告終。也因為如此,這部憲法成為當代憲政史上重要的一部憲法,在德國不僅影響後來波昂基本法的設計,也備受學界的關注與討論。這部憲法在憲政架構上的特殊之處在於,他兼具了總統制與議會內閣制的特徵,同時存在一個直選而具有實權的總統,也存在一個獨立而向國會負責的內閣。這樣的憲政體制也就是後來所謂的「半總統制」。本文討論威瑪如何在當時的環境下設計出這樣的一套憲法,並討論這部憲法實際的運作情況,以及最後失敗的原因。這部憲法不僅對德國有著重要意義,也對當代許多採用半總統制的新興民主國家具有啟發的意義。
The Weimar Republic, which emerged in 1919, was the first social democracy in the history of Germany, and its Constitution was considered very progressive for the time. However, it was only practices for 14 years, ending by replacement by Hitler's Nazi regime. As a result, the Weimar Constitution occupies a special place in the history of constitutionalism. It not only had a major influence on the later development of the Basic Law in Germany, but has also been studied around the world. A special feature of the Weimar constitutional framework was the existence of the “semi-presidential government,” integrating both parliamentarism and presidentialism. It established both a directly elected president with effective power as well as an independent cabinet responsible to parliament. This paper explores the reasons why such a constitution was adopted in Germany at that time, how it worked in practice, as well as the reasons for its eventual failure. The significance of the lessons of Weimar has gained in importance over the past decade, because many newly emerging democracies, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe and the former USSR, have also adopted semi-presidential systems.
期刊論文
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2.Linz, Juan J.(1990)。The Perils of Presidentialism。Journal of Democracy,1(1),51-69。  new window
3.伍碧雯(20000300)。德國史學界對於「威瑪共和時期」的研究趨勢。東吳歷史學報,6,185-198。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.李永熾(19990400)。從協議會到國民議會--威瑪德國的考驗。當代,22=140,28-39。  延伸查詢new window
5.沈有忠(20060100)。從帝國到共和:一九一八年的德國革命與一九一九年的威瑪憲法。問題與研究,45(1),29-51。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.洪茂雄(19900800)。威瑪憲法制訂過程與影響。歷史月刊,31,25-32。  延伸查詢new window
7.Linz, Juan J.(1990)。The Virtues of Parliamentarism。Journal of Democracy,1(4),73-91。  new window
8.Rogers, Lindsay、Foerster, Freda、Schwarz, Sanford(1932)。Aspects of German Political Institutions。Political Science Quarterly,47(3),321-351。  new window
9.王文霞(19800900)。威瑪共和失敗之探討--由其經濟發展談起。國立成功大學歷史學報,7,221-252。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.沈有忠(20040900)。半總統制下的權力集散與政府穩定--臺灣與威瑪共和的比較。臺灣民主季刊,1(3),99-129。new window  延伸查詢new window
11.洪茂雄(1991)。希特勒的黑手與威瑪憲法。歷史月刊,40,104-109。  延伸查詢new window
12.蔡宗珍(1999)。威瑪憲法與政黨政治。當代,22=140,72-79。  延伸查詢new window
13.Elgie, Robert(2004)。Semi-presidentialism: Concepts, Consequences and Contesting Explanations。Political Studies Review,2(3),314-330。  new window
14.Metcalf, Lee Kendall(2000)。Measuring Presidential Power。Comparative Political Studies,33(5),660-685。  new window
15.Roper, Steven D.(2002)。Are All Semipresidential Regimes the Same? A Comparison of Premier-Presidential Regimes。Comparative Politics,34(3),253-272。  new window
16.Stepan, Alfred、Skach, Cindy(1993)。Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism。World Politics,46(1),1-22。  new window
17.Duverger, Maurice(1980)。A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government。European Journal of Political Research,8(2),165-187。  new window
18.Easter, Gerald M.(1997)。Preference for presidentialism: Postcommunist regime change in Russia and the NIS。World Politics,49(2),184-211。  new window
19.Frye, Timothy(1997)。A Politics of Institutional Choice: Post-Communist Presidencies。Comparative Political Studies,30(5),523-552。  new window
20.吳玉山(20020100)。半總統制下的內閣組成與政治穩定--比較俄羅斯、波蘭與中華民國。俄羅斯學報,2,229-265。new window  延伸查詢new window
21.沈有忠(20050300)。制度制約下的行政與立法關係:以我國九七憲改後的憲政運作為例。政治科學論叢,23,27-60。new window  延伸查詢new window
22.徐正戎、呂炳寬(20020100)。九七憲改後的憲政運作。問題與研究,41(1),1-24。new window  延伸查詢new window
23.林繼文(20020300)。Democratic Stability under Taiwan's Semi-Presidentialist Constitution: Implications for Cross-Strait Relations。Issues & Studies,38(1),47-79。new window  new window
24.吳玉山(20000900)。The ROC's Semi-Presidentialism at Work: Unstable Compromise, Not Cohabitation。Issues & Studies,36(5),1-40。new window  new window
25.Wu, Yu-shan(20050700)。Appointing the Prime Minister under Incongruence: Taiwan in Comparison with France and Russia。Taiwan Journal of Democracy,1(1),103-132。  new window
26.Bahro, Horst H.(1999)。半總統制良窳論。人文及社會科學集刊,11(1),1-37。  延伸查詢new window
27.Cheibub, José Antonio、Limongi, Fernando(2002)。Democratic Institutions and Regime Survival: Parliamentary and Presidential Democracies Reconsidered。Annual Review of Political Science,5,151-179。  new window
28.Friedrich, Carl J.(1933)。The Development of the Executive Power in Germany。American Political Science Review,27(2),185-203。  new window
29.Horowitz, Donald L.(1990)。Comparing Democratic Systems。Journal of Democracy,1(1),51-69。  new window
會議論文
1.Wu, Yu-Shan(2003)。Triangular Interactions under Semi-Presidentialism: A Typological Exposition。Conference of Semi-Presidentialism and Nascent Democracies,(會議日期: 2003/10/24-25)。Taipei:Academia Sinica。  new window
學位論文
1.李鳳玉(2001)。半總統制下的總統干政與政府穩定--威瑪德國、法國第五共和、後共波蘭與台灣(碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Arter, David(1998)。Finland。Semi-presidentialism in Europe。New York, NY:Oxford University Press。  new window
2.郭恆鈺(1999)。德意志共和國史話。臺北:三民書局。  延伸查詢new window
3.Balderston, Theo(2002)。Economics and Politics in the Weimar Republic。New York:Cambridge University Press。  new window
4.Bookbinder, Paul(1996)。Weimar Germany: The Republic of the Reasonable。New York:Manchester University Press。  new window
5.Carr, William(1979)。A History of Germany 1815-1945。London:Edward Arnold Press。  new window
6.Offe, Claus、Elster, Jon、Preuß, Ulrich K.(1998)。Institutional Design in Post-Communist Societies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea。Cambridge University Press。  new window
7.Finger, August(1923)。Das Staatsrecht des Deutschen Reichs: Der Verfassung vom 11. August 1919。Stuttgart:Verlag von Ferdinand Enke。  new window
8.Fulbrook, Mary(1990)。A Concise History of Germany。Cambridge:Cambridge University Press。  new window
9.Gusy, Christoph(1991)。Weimar- die Wehrlos Republik?。Tübingen:Mohr Siebeck Verlag。  new window
10.Nicholls, A. J.(2000)。Weimar and the Rise of Hitler。Hampshire:Macmillan Education Ltd.。  new window
11.Preuß, Hugo(1926)。Staat, Recht und Freiheit: Aus 40 Jahren Deutscher Politik und Geschichte。Tübingen:J. C. B. Mohr Verlag。  new window
12.Wright, Jonathan(2002)。Stresemann: Weimar's Greatest Statesman。New York:Oxford University Press。  new window
13.Kolb, Eberhard(1988)。Most German of the Arts: Musicology and Society from the Weimar Republic to the End of Hitler's Reich。Most German of the Arts: Musicology and Society from the Weimar Republic to the End of Hitler's Reich。New York:Routledge。  new window
14.Peukert, Detlev J. K.、Richard Deveson(1987)。The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity。New York:Hill and Wang。  new window
15.Mainwaring, Scott、Shugart, Matthew S.(1997)。Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin American。Cambridge:Cambridge University Press。  new window
16.Mommsen, Wolfgang J.(1984)。Max Weber and German Politics, 1890-1920。The University of Chicago Press。  new window
17.Carr, William(1991)。A History of Germany 1815-1990。London:Edward Arnold Press。  new window
18.Jacobson, Arthur J.、Schlink, Bernhard(2000)。Weimar: A Jurisprudence of Crisis。University of California Press。  new window
19.Mommsen, Hans、Forster, Elborg、Eugene, Larry Jones(1996)。The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy。Chapel Hill:The university of North Carolina Press。  new window
20.Robinson, Francis(1996)。The Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany。Cambridge:Cambridge University Press。  new window
21.Shugart, Matthew S.、Carey, John M.(1992)。Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamic。Cambridge:Cambridge University Press。  new window
22.Sartori, Giovanni(1997)。Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes。New York, NY:New York University Press。  new window
23.Schmitt, Carl(1928)。Verfassungslehre。Berlin:Duncker & Humblot。  new window
24.Goodin, Robert E.(1996)。The Theory of Institutional Design。Cambridge University Press。  new window
25.Skach, Cindy(2005)。Borrowing Constitutional Designs: Constitutional Law in Weimar Germany and the French Fifth Republic。Princeton University Press。  new window
26.Elgie, Robert(1999)。Semi-Presidentialism in Europe。Oxford University Press。  new window
27.吳玉山(20000000)。俄羅斯轉型1992-1999:一個政治經濟學的分析。臺北:五南。new window  延伸查詢new window
28.Linz, Juan José、Stepan, Alfred C.(1996)。Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe。The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
29.White, Stephen(1999)。Russia。Semi-Presidentialism in Europe。Oxford。  new window
30.Feldman, Gerald D.(1993)。The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics, amd Society in the German Inflation 1914-1924。The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics, amd Society in the German Inflation 1914-1924。New York。  new window
31.Heiber, Helmut(1993)。The Weimar Republic (Die Republik von Weimar)。The Weimar Republic (Die Republik von Weimar)。Cambridge。  new window
32.Mitchell, Jeremy(2002)。Political Institutions and Political Stability。Authoritarianism and Democracy in Europe。New York。  new window
33.Redslob, Robert(1918)。Die Parlamentarische Regierung in Ihrer Wahren Und Unechten Form。Die Parlamentarische Regierung in Ihrer Wahren Und Unechten Form。0。  new window
34.Schmitt, Carl(1931)。Der Hüter der Verfassung。Der Hüter der Verfassung。0。  new window
35.羅志淵(1969)。威瑪憲法與威瑪共和。憲法論叢。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.Erdem, Ebru(2001)。Geography of Institutional Choice: Presidential and Parliamentary Systems,0。  new window
圖書論文
1.Von Beyme, Klaus(2001)。Institutional Engineering and Transition to Democracy。Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe. Volume 1: Institutional Engineering。New York:Oxford University Press。  new window
2.Horowitz, Donald L.(2002)。Constitutional Design: Proposals versus Processes。The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy。Oxford University Press。  new window
3.Bastian, Sunil、Luckham, Robin(2003)。The Politics of Institutional Choice。Can Democracy be Designed?。New York:Zed Books。  new window
4.Coram, Bruce Talbot(1996)。Second Best Theories and the Implications for Institutional Design。The Theory of Institutional Design。New York:Cambridge University Press。  new window
5.Pettit, Philip(1996)。Institutional Design and Rational Choice。The Theory of Institutional Design。New York:Cambridge University Press。  new window
6.Shepsle, Kenneth A.(1996)。Political Deals in Institutional Settings。The Theory of Institutional Design。New York:Cambridge University Press。  new window
7.Jasiewicz, Krzysztof(1997)。Poland: Walesa's Legacy to the Presidency。Postcommunist Presidents。Cambridge:Cambridge University Press。  new window
8.蔡宗珍(2002)。關於威瑪憲法的幾點思考。當代公法新論:翁岳生教授七秩誕辰祝壽論文集。台北:元照。new window  延伸查詢new window
9.林繼文(2000)。半總統制下的三角政治均衡。政治制度。臺北:中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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