What is the Yuanshan Culture? What is its cultural essence? The answers to these questions are significantly important in understanding the prehistoric cultures of northern Taiwan at this period, the prehistoric cultures of Taiwan, and how they interacted with their surrounding areas. Yet, opinions are still divided between scholars regarding the essence, age, and origin of the Yuanshan Culture. Also, there has yet been a study or monograph which provides a comprehensive discussion on the Yuanshan Culture, and most studies of the Yuanshan Culture are presented in the form of investigations or trial excavation reports. Therefore, the author plans to combine the results of archeological research over the years with her understanding of the investigation and excavation of the Taipei Basin, and, through archeological data such as stratigraphic evidence, features of tool types, tool composition, tribal distribution, and carbon-14 dating, especially the remains of column-hole clusters discovered by the author, grasp and analyze the possible tribal patterns of the Yuanshan Culture at the Yuanshan Site, and discuss the possible essence of the Yuanshan Culture, with the hope that the findings could be conducive to the clarification of the essence of the Yuanshan Culture. According to the article's discussion, it can be inferred that the roots of the Yuanshan Culture is the then-existing culture which succeeded the Tapenkeng Culture and the Shuntanpu Culture in northern Taiwan, in that the new elements of the Yuanshan Culture are still based upon the then-existing manufacturing traditions of potteries and stoneware. In addition, there has been no discovery of the complete development of tools such as stoneware with shoulders, sectioned stoneware, bronze ware, which includes their origin, development, evolution, and downfall in northern Taiwan or even across Taiwan; only a meagre amount of the tools mentioned above were found at different stages. A complete development of those tools, however, could be found in southeast China or all across China. Moreover, in different regions and archeological cultures in China, these cultural elements varied in number, appeared in diverse forms, and have a clear development process. Judging from the emergence frequency, amount, diversity, strength, duration, distribution scope of the above-mentioned new elements at their surrounding areas, the author reckons that these new elements mainly came from China's southeast coast, as proposed by some of the above-mentioned scholars. Yet, the influence of China's southeast coast might be the result of multiple contacts of the two places, rather than an "invasion of foreign groups", a single contact, or a few contacts. The Yuanshan Culture, instead of simply succumbing to foreign cultures, selectively absorbed foreign elements based upon the then-existing cultural traditions of the Taipei Basin, and, after mixing them with traditional cultures, developed a unique archeological culture in northern Taiwan, which is known as the Yuanshan Culture. This is the main reason why there has been no identical culture at the surrounding areas of Taiwan or even around the world. The people of the Yuanshan Culture, aside from succeeding the cultural traditions and wisdoms of the Tapenkeng Culture and the Shuntanpu Culture, were capable of absorbing foreign influences and innovating, thereby fostering a unique archeological culture.