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題名:知識移轉的整合模式--知識特性、吸收能力與社會資本
作者:李國瑜
作者(外文):Kuo-Yu Lee
校院名稱:國立政治大學
系所名稱:企業管理學系
指導教授:司徒達賢
于卓民
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2001
主題關鍵詞:知識移轉知識特性吸收能力社會資本廠商間合作Knowledge TransferNature of KnowledgeAbsorptive CapacitySocial CapitalInterfirm Cooperation
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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知識經濟時代的到來,使知識成為企業最重要的策略性資源,也是競爭優勢的主要來源。而知識移轉不僅可以協助企業獲取外界知識,也有助於企業創新,因此,透過合作進行有效的知識移轉成為創造競爭優勢的重要課題。
學者探討知識移轉的角度有極大差異。資源基礎觀點、知識基礎觀點、交易成本理論、組織學習以及策略聯盟與網絡理論,都對廠商之間如何決定合作型態有許多不同的見解。過去文獻基於不同觀點與不同研究情境,導致考慮因素的差異與決策的分歧,而且對於各種因素如何影響廠商決策的探討也相當有限。此外,知識移轉是一個過程,不僅有移轉前的決策,還有進行移轉過程中的變化,而過去文獻對於移轉過程中的變化甚少探討,也使得知識移轉的動態變化成為理論與實務上亟須探究的部分。
基於以上信念,本研究建立知識移轉的整合模式,以釐清重要觀念之間的關係,並且以經濟學的圖形為表達工具,系統化地解釋理論與實務現象,並發展知識移轉過程的動態模式。
知識移轉整合模式的主要目的,在於建構廠商進行知識向內移轉時,決定合作方式的模式。此模式的思考邏輯強調在效果與效率雙重考慮之下,廠商最適合作型態的選擇。效果的意義在於透過知識移轉過程達成預期的學習目標,效率的意義是廠商於達成目標時所付出的成本最低。
本研究可分為三個階段,分別為模式建立、個案訪談與問卷調查。模式建立部分採取文獻探討方式,分析文獻中主要構念,從中抽取最攸關的構念,演繹出廠商知識移轉時決定合作型態的整合性模式與動態模式,提出本模式的重要命題。其次再進行知識移轉個案的訪談,以本模式分析個案的現象。最後並使用問卷進行資料蒐集,對於基本模式的命題進行統計驗證。
以七個主要構念發展的「知識移轉整合模式」,分為三個階段,每個階段各有一個表達變數關係的函數,分別為「知識特性線」、「等移轉績效目標線」、「移轉機制與合作型態對應線」。七個構念中四個自變數「知識特性」、「吸收能力」、「社會資本」、「移轉績效目標」決定之後,即可使用模式的推演產生「知識移轉難度認知」與「移轉機制」這兩個中介變數,最後並推導出廠商在既定條件之下的最適「合作型態」,而以「合作內部化需求線」表示。不同合作型態也代表廠商為了進行移轉所付出的不同成本。這是本模式的靜態分析部分。
統計驗證結果顯示,本研究提出之基本模式命題大多數獲得支持。其中第一象限「吸收能力」、「知識連續性」對於「移轉難度認知」的影響均獲支持。第二象限「移轉難度認知」、「知識移轉目標」對於「移轉機制人員互動程度」的影響全部獲得支持。第三象限驗證的兩個命題「移轉機制人員互動程度」與「社會資本」對於「合作型態內部化程度」的影響也都獲得支持。
在動態分析部分,運用靜態分析模式中的變數關係,分析廠商在實際進行移轉之後,因為移轉過程中內生的變數演化,或者外生的產業環境變化、廠商策略目標與條件的轉變導致的變數改變,對於廠商之間合作型態的影響。在動態分析中,導致廠商合作動態變化的原因,包括廠商吸收能力、知識認知、移轉績效目標以及社會資本等影響因素在移轉過程中的改變。首先探討每一個變數改變的原因,尤其強調移轉的演化造成的改變,接著分析每一種變數改變之下,最適合作型態之變化。在最適合作型態改變之後,學習的廠商面臨變與不變的選擇,也就是「要不要改變本次合作型態」。如果基於「在最低成本之下達成移轉目標」的經濟理性原則,廠商應該要改變合作型態。 但是本模式的分析中也發現,在移轉進行中改變合作型態的決策,不僅影響本次移轉合作的成本,也影響未來再進行合作時的移轉成本。而未來移轉成本的變化與廠商的吸收能力水準有關,因此,廠商一方面應該考慮長期關係對於本身的重要性,一方面也要根據本身的吸收能力水準進行決策。
本研究提出的動態關係命題,可以解釋知識移轉合作型態變化的原因,並且用以預測合作關係可能的改變方式。透過這個可以表達變數反饋關係的圖形方法,在分析不同時點的廠商的行為或預測未來行為的變化時,可以清楚看出其中變化的過程,對於實務應用與理論發展都是比較方便而清晰的工具。
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