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題名:性侵害兒童心理創傷量表發展
作者:黃雅羚
作者(外文):Ya-Lin Huang
校院名稱:高雄師範大學
系所名稱:輔導與諮商研究所
指導教授:戴嘉南
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2009
主題關鍵詞:性侵害性侵害兒童心理創傷創傷量表人口學變項sexual abusesexually abused childrenpsychological traumatrauma checklistdemography
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本研究目的在藉由探究國內性侵害兒童心理創傷內涵,並發展性侵害兒童心理創傷量表,依此建立全國性性侵害兒童心理創傷常模,供社區實務工作者評估性侵害兒童心理創傷及篩選疑似性侵害兒童之用。
本研究分成兩個研究部分,第一個研究部分是探究性侵害兒童心理創傷的心理傷害,第二個研究部分是發展性侵害兒童的心理創傷量表,建立國內常模。在第一個研究部份是邀請心理師、社工及性侵害兒童共9位進行半標準化訪談,以收集兒童在遭受性侵害事件後的心理及行為反應,將蒐集資料依紮根理論進行資料分析,發展受性侵害兒童的心理創傷內涵,再將分析結果邀請22位心理師及社工進行三次德懷術問卷調查,根據德懷術彙整意見編製可供9歲至15歲兒童自陳之性侵害兒童心理創傷量表。研究樣本主要是以全國四區16所國中小一般樣本1675名學生及73名性侵害兒童共計1748名。本研究資料分別以SPSS及AMOS軟體進行各種統計分析。
本研究之研究結果如下:
一、性侵害兒童心理創傷內涵分別為界限創傷、自我創傷及綜合創傷後壓力反應三個主要範疇。界限創傷包含心理界限創傷及身體界限創傷;而心理界限創傷主要是涵蓋互動關係及系統界限;身體界限創傷是指身體界限過於混淆或過於僵化。自我創傷之內涵包含身體形象、自我價值、情緒創傷、性之創傷;綜合創傷後壓力反應之內涵包含重覆創傷反應、解離反應、迴避反應、過度警覺、退化反應及自傷反應。
二、性侵害兒童心理創傷量表共計52題,分別為界限創傷、自我創傷及綜合創傷後壓力反應三分量表。
三、量表信度考驗:各分量表內部一致性介於α值.850至α值.923之間,總量表之α值為.961,具有不錯之內部一致性。再者,本量表之重測信度介於.851至.925之間,顯示本量表在時間的穩定性尚佳。
四、量表效度考驗:本量表以驗證性因素分析來考驗因素結構,其結果支持研究構念。再者,本量表能有效區分一般兒童及性侵害兒童,具有不錯之區別效度。
五、不同群體差異考驗:本研究發現不同年段、不同性別、不同家庭組織、不同家庭氣氛及不同社經地位之兒童在性侵害心理創傷量表上有顯著差異。
六、量表常模建立分別依總量表、分量表建立全國性常模、性別及年段常模。
本研究根據研究結果,分別對量表之應用及未來研究提出具體建議,以兒童保護之社工及諮商輔導人員參考。
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the trauma of sexually abused children, and develop a trauma checklist to establish the trauma norm for sexually abused children nationwide. Community practitioners, therefore, are able to asses the trauma that sexually abused children are facing, and select children who are sexually abused allegedly.
This study includes two parts: the first part is to explore the psychological disorders of sexually abused children while the second one is to develop the psychological trauma checklist of sexually abused children to establish the norm nationwide. 9 interviewees, including psychologists, social workers, and sexually abused children are included to participate in semi-structured interviews in the first part of study to collect the psychological and behavioral responses after children are sexually abused. The interview data then is analyzed by the grounded theory approach to develop the connotation of psychological trauma of sexually abused children. Another 22 psychologists and social workers are included to participate in a three-round structured Delphi questionnaire survey based on the analyzed results. The questionnaire data is complied, in accordance with Delphi, as a trauma scale for self-claimed sexually abused children at the age of 9 to 15. 1748 children are selected as samples in the study, including 1675 average students from16 elementary and junior high schools in 4 districts nationally, and 73 sexually abused children. Statistics in this study are analyzed by SPSS and AMOS software.
The study is concluded as follows:
1.The connotations of trauma that sexually abused children posses can be categorized as boundary trauma, self trauma, and complex post-traumatic stress reaction. Boundary trauma includes trauma of psychological boundaries and trauma of physical boundaries, trauma of psychological boundaries cover interaction and system boundaries while trauma of physical boundaries indicate the over confusion or ossification of physical boundaries. Self trauma means the traumas of body image, self-worth, emotion and sex. Complex post-traumatic stress reaction is about the reactions of repeated trauma, disassociation, avoidance, over cautions, deterioration, and self-harm.
2.Total 52 questions are listed in the psychological trauma scale of sexually abused children, including boundary trauma, self trauma and complex post-traumatic stress reaction. The relation and strategy of interaction are factored in the boundary trauma. Self trauma includes sexual trauma, emotional internalized trauma, emotional externalized trauma, and the trauma of self value. The complex post-traumatic stress reaction covers the reactions of repeated trauma, disassociation, avoidance, over cautions, deterioration, and self-harm. 3.The reliability assessment of scale: the consistency of each scale is ranged from the α value of .850 to .923, and the sum total of the α value is .961 which shows a perfect consistency internally. Furthermore, the reliability of the scale is ranged from .851 to .925 that indicated the substantial stability within the time scale.
4.The validity assessment of scale: the scale verifies the factorial structure with confirmatory factors which the results support the concept of the study. Moreover, the scale can effectively differentiate average children and sexually
5.Differentiation assessment of different groups: the study explores significant differences in psychological trauma scale that sexually abused children shows at difference age, gender, family structure, family atmosphere and social and economical status.
6.The norms of this scale are established in accordance with summarized scale and three sub-scales, and include the norms of nation wide, gender and age.
According to the research results, this study points out specific recommendations in terms of its application and further research for the reference of social workers and counselor in the field of children protection.
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