:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:網際網路使用行為與選舉參與模式探析
作者:吳淑俊
作者(外文):Wu, Shwu Jiunn
校院名稱:國立政治大學
系所名稱:新聞研究所
指導教授:王石番
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2010
主題關鍵詞:網際網路選舉參與政治性網路使用Internetpolitical participationpolitical Internet use
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:34
每一項新科技產品的誕生,總為人們帶來促進民主參與的無限想像,關於網際網路與公民參與的關係,持「動員」 (mobilization) 看法的學者認為網際網路對於那些在現有政治體系中處於邊緣地位者有協助告知(inform)、組織(organize)與吸引他們參與的功能。然而,也有學者認為網路資源只是對那些原本在傳統政治系統中的活躍份子進行「強化」(reinforcement)作用。強化假說認為,即使網際網路具備開放與去中心化的潛質,它也只對那些既有菁英們(elites)較有幫助,因此,原本參與偏差(biases)的現象仍然存在,甚至可能更為惡化。另一方面,主張「時間取代說」(time replacement)的學者則認為,電腦中介傳播是以現實生活中參與活動的時間,換取在網路上與人互動的時間,必然損害人們實體的社會資本,因此媒介使用對社會和政治參與有負面影響。
檢視過往研究,對於以上三種說法都各有支持,有關影響政治參與的因素,也有不少相關例證,但對於各影響變數之間關聯性的探討則較為缺乏。本研究針對臺北市、新北市及高雄市1,434位20歲以上民眾進行電話調查,嘗試了解不同層次的網路使用行為與選舉參與的關聯,並進一步討論各變項間的相互影響。
研究發現,單純的網路使用與否,對實體選舉參與並無預測力,必須進一步探究不同層次的數位應用情形,而數位使用能力對網路或實體選舉參與所產生的影響,也必須藉由網路政治內容瀏覽、網路政治意見交換及內在政治效能感等變項作為中介變數。這樣的結果顯示,未來欲探討網際網路對政治參與的影響,必須深入區分不同使用型態間的落差。
The birth of a new technological product always brings to people an endless imagination on how this would promote the political participation. The scholars who think the Internet helps “mobilize” civic engagement believe the Internet helps to “inform,” “organize” and “attract” the individuals who are marginalized in the existing political systems. Some scholars, however, believe the Internet merely has a “reinforcement” effect on those who are already active in the political systems. According to the reinforcement theory, the Internet only benefits the elites despite its features of openness and decentralization; as a result, biases may still exist and even worsen. On the other hand, scholars who propose the “time replacement” theory believe that the time spent on participating in real-world activities is replaced by the time spent online, and this inevitably puts a loss on people’s social capital. Consequently, Internet usage has negative effects on social and political participation.
All three above theories are supported by past studies, and there are sufficient findings on the variables that predicted political participation. But a discussion about the correlations between those factors is still lacking. As an attempt to reveal the correlation between the patterns of Internet usage and election related activities, a phone survey was conducted with 1,434 individuals in Taipei City, New Taipei City and Kaohsiung City who are 20-years of age and above.
The findings indicate whether one accesses to the Internet or not does not predict one’s participation in voting, and a further analysis of different patterns of Internet usage is required.
一、中文部分

行政院研考會(2010)。《99年個人家戶數位落調查報告》。台北:行政院研考會。
王柏鈞(2006)。《部落格的異想世界-使用者人格特質與使用動機行為之關聯性初探》。淡江大學大眾傳播學系碩士論文。
王家璋(2008)。《社會網絡差異下之媒介使用與政治參與-以2006年北高市長選舉為例》。南華大學傳播管理研究所碩士論文。
王嵩音(2006)。〈網路使用與選舉參與之研究—以2004年立法委員選舉為例〉。《臺灣民主季刊》,3(4):71-102。new window
李婕(2006)。〈你和顧客「部落格」了嗎?:善用部落格行銷,黏住顧客忠誠度 〉,《貿易雜誌》,180: 42-48。
吳明隆(2009)。《結構方程模型—AMOS的操作與應用》。重慶:重慶大學出版社。
吳重禮、湯京平、黃紀(2000)。〈我國「政治功效意識」測量之初探〉,《選舉研究》,第六卷,第二期,頁23-44。
林克寰(2003)。《Blog 架站實務》。台北:旗標。
莊友欣(2004)。〈網路行銷天蠶變:就是要Blog 網誌行銷〉,《動腦》,342: 68-70。
孫天龍(2006)。《新聞媒介使用與民眾政治功效識之關聯》。國立政治大學政治研究所碩士論文。
施瑞瑄譯(2006)。《誰沒部落格》,台北:商周。原書:Fievet, C., & Turrettini, E. (2004). Blog story. Paris: Eyrolles。
連偉廷(2006)。《社會網絡、媒介使用與政治功效意識之分析》。國立政治大學政治研究所碩士論文。
翁秀琪(2001)。《大眾傳播理論與實證》。台北:三民。new window
張曉涵等(2005)。〈部落格之發展與概況-以台灣地區為例〉,《世新印刷學報》,11: 211-228。
張卿卿(2006)。〈網路的功與過:網路使用與政治參與及社會資產關係的探討〉, 《新聞學研究》,86: 45-90。new window
張卿卿(2002a)。〈競選新聞框架與廣告訴求對選民政治效能與信賴感的影響〉,《新聞學研究》,70:135-165。new window
張卿卿(2002b)。〈大學生的政治媒介認知、政治媒介行為與其政治效能與政治參與之間的關係〉,《選舉研究》,9(2):37-63。new window
陳陸輝、耿曙(2008)。〈政治效能感與政黨認同對選民投票抉擇的影響 -以2002年北高市長選舉為例〉,《臺灣民主季刊》,5:1, 87-118。new window
陳陸輝、連偉廷(2008)。〈知性、黨性與資訊-台灣民眾政治效能感的分析〉,《臺灣民主季刊》,5(3):121-156。new window
陳憶寧、羅文輝(2006)。〈媒介使用與政治資本〉,《新聞學研究》,88, 83-134。new window
陳建勲譯(2004)。《草根媒體-部落格傳奇》。台北:歐萊禮。
梁德馨(2011)。《2011年臺灣寬頻網路使用調查報告》,臺北:財團法人臺灣網路資訊中心。
黃芳銘(2005)。《社會科學統計方法:結構方程模式》。臺北:五南。
黃秀端、趙湘瓊(1996)。《台灣婦女近十年來政治態度之變遷-民國七十二年至八十一年,《問題與研究》,35(10):71-95。new window
黃秀端(1995)。〈1994年省市長選舉選民參與競選活動之分析〉,《選舉研究》,3(1):51-76。new window
黃信豪(2006)。〈政治功效意識的行動效果(1998-2003)〉,《臺灣民主季刊》,3(2):119-158。new window
黃國庭(2008)。《大學生的社會網絡網站使用行為與社會資本之關連性研究-以無名小站為例》。國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
葉向榮(2006)。《臺灣無線寬頻上網服務使用者「使用與滿足」研究》。台北:世新大學碩士論文。
楊婉瑩( 2007)。〈政治參與的性別差異〉,《選舉研究》,14(2):53-94)。
劉嘉薇、陳義彥(2005)。〈資訊時代的媒介認知、媒介行為與政治參與〉,2005年中國政治學會年會暨學術研討會論文。台北:中央研究院歐美所與近史所檔案館,中國民國九十四年十月一日至二日。
羅世宏譯(1997)。《傳播理論—起源、方法與應用》。台北:正中。
藝立協(2004)。《Blog部落格線上出版、網路日誌實作》。台北:上奇科技。


二、英文部分

Aarts, K. & Semetko, H. A. (2003). The divided electorate: Media use and political involvement. Journal of Politics, 65(3), 759-784.
Abramson, P. R., & Aldrich, J. H. (1982). The decline of electoral participation in America. American Political Science Review, 76(3), 502-521.
Abramson, P. R. (1972). Political efficacy an political trust among black schoolchildren: Two explanations. Journal of Politcs, 34(4), 1243-1275.
Almond, G. A., & Verba, S.(1965). The civic culture. Boston:Little, Brown and Company.
Althaus, S., & Tewksbury, D. (2000). Patterns of Internet and traditional news media use in a networked community. Political Communication, 17(1), 21-45.
Ancu, M. & Cozma, R. (2009). MySpace politics: Uses and Gratifications of befriending candidates. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 53(4), 567-583.
Attewell, P. (2001). The first and second digital divides. Sociology of Education, 74(3), 252-260.
Bimber, B. (2001). Information and political engagement in America: The search for effects of information technology and the individual level. Political Research Quarterly, 54(1), 53-67.
Bimber, B. (2003). Information and American Democracy: Technology in the evolution of political power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Blakely, T. A., Kennedy, B. P., & Kawachi, I. (2001). Socioeconomic inequality in voting participation and self-rated health. American Journal of Public Health, 91(1), 99-104.
Blumler, J. G. (1979). The role of theory in uses and gratification studies. Communication Research, 6, 9-36.
Bobo, L, & Gilliam, F. D. (1990). Race, sociopolitical participation, and black empowerment. American Political Science Review, 84(2), 376-393.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
Bonfadelli, H. (2002). The Internet and knowledge gaps: A theoretical and empirical investigation. European Journal of Communication, 17 (1), 65-84.
Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26, 193-211.
Boyd, d. (2008). Why youth (heart) social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life. In D. Buckingham (Ed.), Youth, Identity, and Digital Media (pp. 119-142). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Boyd, D. M, & Ellison, N. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.
Brady, H. E., Verba, S., & Schlozman, K. L. (1995). Beyond SES: A resource model of political participation. The American Political Science Review, 89, 271-294.
Brandtzæg, P. B., Hein, J., & Karahasanović, A.(2011). Understanding the new digital divide-A typology of Internet users in Europe. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 69, 123-138.
Bucy, E. (2002). Media participation vs. civic decline. Retrieved December, 31, 2002, from http://www.uic.edu/orgs/policom/bucy.htm#conm.
Campbell, A., Gurin, G., & Miller, W. E.(1954). The voter decides. Evanston, III: Row, Peterson & Company.
Carpini, D. M. (2000). Gen.com: Youth, civic engagement, and the new information environment. Political Communication, 17(4), 341-349.
Chen, D. Y., & Lee, C. P. (2008). To reinforce or to mobilize? Tracing the impact of internet use on civic engagement in Taiwan. Paper presented at The 2nd International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Government (ICEGOV).
Chen, Y. –C., & Dimitrova, D. V., (2006). Electronic government and online engagement: Citizen interaction with government via web portals. International Journal of Electronic Government, 2(1), 54-76.
Cho, J., Shah, D. V., McLeod, J. M., McLeod, D. M., Scholl, R. M., Gotlieb, M. R. (2009). Campaigns, reflection, and deliberation: Advancing and O-S-R-O-R model of communication effects. Communication Theory, 19, 66-88.
Cohen, A., Vigoda, E., & Samorly, A. (2001). Analysis of the mediating effect of personal psychological variables on the relationship between socioeconomic status and political participation: A structural equations framework. Political Psychology, 22(4), 727-757.
Coleman, S., & Gotze, J.(2002). Bowling Together: Online public engagement in policy deliberation. London: Hansard Society Press.
Compaine, B. M. (2001). Digital divide facing a crisis or creating a myth? Cambridge, M. A.: MIT Press.
Conway, M. M. (1991). Political participation and American democracy. New York: Greenwood Press.
Crig, C. C., Niemi, R. G., and Silver, G. E. (1990). Political efficacy and trust: a report on the NES pilot study items. Political Behavior, 12(3), 289-314.
Davis, R. & Owen, D. M. (1998). New media and American politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dahlberg, L. (2007). Rethinking the fragmentation of the cyberpublic: from consensus to contestation. New Media & Society, 9(5), 827-847.
Delli Carpini, D. M. (2004). Mediating Democratic Engagement: The Impact of Communications on Citizens' Involvement in Political and Civic Life. In L. L. Kaid (Ed.), Handbook of Political Communication Research (pp. 395-434). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
December, J. (1996). Units of analysis for Internet communication. Journal of Communication, 46(1), 14-37.
De Zűñiga, H. G., & Rojs, H. (2009). Weblogs, traditional sources online and political participation: and assessment of how the internet is changing the political environment. New Media & Society, 11(4), 553-574.
DiMaggio, P., Hargittai, E., Celeste, C., & Shafer, S. (2004). Digital inequality: From unequal access to differentiated use. In K. Neckerman (Eds.), Social inequality(pp. 355-400). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Dong, Q., & Giblin, P. (2010). Social network dependency and intended political participation. Human Communication, 13(1), 13-27.
Druckman, J. N. & Nelson, K. R. (2003). Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens' Conversations Limit Elite Influence. American Journal of Political Science, 47(4), 729-745.
Eveland, W. P., & Marton, K., & Seo, M. (2004). Moving beyond ‘just the facts’: The influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge. Communication Research, 31, 82-108.
Feezell, J. T., Conroy, M., & Guerrero, M. (2009). Facebook is…Fostering political engagement: A study of online social networking groups and offline participation. Paper presented at the American Political Science Association meeting in Toronto, Canada, September, 2009.
Gennaro, C.,& Dutton, W. (2006). The internet and the public: Online and offline political participation in the United Kingdom. Parliamentary Affairs, 59(2), 299-313.
Gans, H. J. (1967). The Levittowners: Ways of life and politics in a new suburban community. New York: Random House.
Gibson, R. K., Ward, S., & Lusoli, W. (2005). Old Politics, New Media: Parliament, the Public and the Internet. Paper presented at the Political Studies Association Conference, University of Leeds, 5-7 April 2005.
Graber, D.(1997). Mass Media & American Politics,5th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Hardy, B. W., & Scheufele, D. A. (2005). Examining differential gains from Internet use: Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions. Journal of Communication, 55,71-84.
Hargittai, E., & Hinnant, A. (2008). Digital inequality: Differences in young adults’ use of the Internet. Communication Research, 35(5), 602-621.
Hargittai, E. (2002). Second-level digital divide: Differences in people's online skills. First Monday. 7(4)
Harrison, T., & Barthel, B. (2009). Wielding new media in Web 2.0: Exploring the history of engagement with the collaborative construction of media products. New Media & Society, 11(1/2), 155-178.
Herring, S. C. , Scheidt, L, A., Bonus, S. and Wright, E. (2004). Bridging the Gap: A genre analysis of weblogs’. http:// csdl. Computer.og/comp/proceedings/hicss/2004/2056/04/205640101b.pdf.
Hirzalla, F., van Zoonen, L., & de Ridder, J.(2011). Internet use and political participation: Reflections on the mobilization/normalization controversy. The Information Society, 27(1), 1-15.
Huntington, S. P., & Nelson, J. M. (1976). No easy choice: Political participation in developing countries. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Inkeles, A. (1969). Making men modern: On the causes and consequences of individual change in six developing countries. American Journal of sociology, 75(2), 208-225.
Irving, L (1999). Falling through the net III: Defining the digital divide—a report on telecommunications and information technology gap in America. Washington, D. C.: National Communications and Information Administration, US. Department of commerce. Retrieved November, 14, 2001, from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn99/contents.html.
Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jagoda, K. A. B., Berke, R., & Carbone, E. (2009). The rise of on-demand political campaigns: E-voter institute 2008 post-election findings. Retrieve from: http://evoterinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/evi_post-election-findings-01-20.pdf
Jagoda, K., Berke, R., Anderson, K., Lambert, M., & Ju Yoon, Y. (2009). Persuading and motivation voters: What will it take in 2010? E-voter, institute, 1-30.
James, M. L., Worting, C. E., & Forrest, E. J. (1995). An exploratory study of the perceived benefits of electronic bulletin board use and their impact on other communication activities. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39(1), 30-50.
Jennings, K. M. and Zeitner, V. (2003). Internet use and civic engagement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(3), 311-33.
Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (1998). A vehicle for engagement or a haven for the disaffected? Internet use, political alienation and voter participation. In T. J. Johnson, C. E. Hays, & S. P. Hays (Eds.), Engaging the public: How government and media can reinvigorate American democracy(pp. 121-135). New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
Johnson, T. J, & Kaye, B. K. (2004). Wag the blog: How reliance on traditional media and the Internet influence credibility perceptions of weblogs among blog users. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81, 622-64.
Jorn Barger(1997). Weblog resources FAQ. Retrieved January 11, 2011, from http://www.robotwisdom.com/weblogs/.
Katz, J. E., & Rice, R. E., & Aspden, P. (2001). The Internet, 1995-2000: Access, civic involvement and social interaction. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(3), 404-419.
Kaye, B. K. (2005). It’s a blog, blog, blog , blog world: Users and uses of weblogs. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 13(2), 73-95.
Kaye, B. K. & Johnson, T. J. (2006). The age of reasons: Motives for using different components of the internet for political information. In A. P. Williams & J. C. Tedesco (Eds.), The internet election: Perspectives on the Web in campaign 2004. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Kaye, B. K., & Johnson, T. J. (2004). A web for all reasons: Uses and gratifications of Internet resources for political information. Telematics and Informatics, 21(3), 197-223.
Kaye, B. K., & Johnson, T. J. (2002). Online and in the know: Uses and gratifications of the web for political information. Journal of Broadcasting and electronic media, 46(1), 54-71.
Kenski, K., & Stroud, N. J. (2006). Connections between internet use and political efficacy, knowledge, and participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(2), 173-192.
Kerbel, M. R. & Bloom, D. (2005). Blog for American and civic involvement. Press/Politics, 10(4), 3-27.
Krueger, B. (2006). A comparison of conventional and internet political mobilization. American Politics Research, 34, 759-776.
Krueger, B. (2002). Assessing the potential of Internet political participation in the United States: A resource approach. American Politics Research , 30, 476-498.
Kuehn, S. A. (1994). Computer-mediated communication in instructional settings: A research agenda. Communication Education, 43, 171-182.
Kwak, N., Poor, N., & Skoric, M. M. (2006). Honey, I shrunk the world! The relation between Internet use and international engagement. Mass Communication & Society, 9, 189-213.
Lane, R. E. (1959). Political life: Why people get involved in politics. New York: Oxford University.
Lee, K. M. (2006). Effects of internet use on college students’ political efficacy. CyberPsychcology & Beavior, 9(4), 415-422.
Lin, A. C., & Jeffers, W. L. (1998). Factors influencing the adoption of multimedia cable technology. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(3), 341-346.
Lin, Y., & Lim, S. (2002). Relationships of media use to political cynicism and efficacy: A preliminary study of young Korean voters. Asian Journal of Communication, 12(1), 25-39.
Losh(2004). Gender, educational and occupational digital gaps 1983-2002. Social Science Computer Review, 22(2), 152-166.
Madsen, D. (1987). Political self-efficacy tested. The American Political Science Review, 81(2), 571-581.
Marmura, S. (2008). “A net advantage? The Internet, grassroots activism and American Middle–Eastern policy,” New Media & Society, 10(2), 247–271.
McLeod, M., Scheufele, A. & Moy, P.(1999). Community, communication, and participation: the role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation. Political Communication , 16(3), 15-336.
McLeod, J. M., Kosicki, G. M., & McLeod, D. M. (1994). The expanding boundaries of political communication effects. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 123-162). New Jersey: Erlbaum.
McLeod, J. M., & Becker, L. B. (1981). The uses and gratification approach. In D. D. Nimmo & K. R. Sanders (Eds.), Handbook of political communication(pp. 67-99). Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage.
Meraz, S. (2007). Analyzing political conversation on the Howard Dean candidate blog. In M. Tremayne (Ed.) Blogging, citizenship, and the future of media, pp. 59-82. New York: Routledge.
Milbrath, L. W., & Goel, M. L. (1977). Political participation: How and why do people get involved in politics? Chicago: Rand McNally College Pub. Co.
Miller, H. A., Goldenberg, E. N., & Erbring, L. (1979). Type-set politics: Impact of newspapers on public confidence. American Political Science Review, 73(1) 67-84.
Min, S. J. (2010). From digital divide to the democratic divide: Internet skills, political interest, and the second-level digital divide in political internet use. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 7, 22-35.
Mokken, R. J. (1969). Dutch-American comparisons of the “sense of political efficacy”. Quality & Quantity, 3, 125-152.
Morris, M., & Ogan, C. (1996). The Internet as mass medium. Journal of Communications, 46(1), 39-50.
Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J., & McNeal, R. S. (2008). Digital citizenship: The internet, society and participation. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J., & Stansbury, M. (2003). Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide. Washington. D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Morrell, M. E. (2003). Survey and experimental evidence for a reliable and valid measure of Internet political efficacy. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(4), 589-602.
Mutz, D. (2002). The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation. American Journal of Political Science, 46(4), 838-855.
Nardi, B. A., Schiano, D. J., Gumbrecht, M. &Swartz, L. (2004). Why we blog. Communications of the ACM, 47(12), 41-46.
Newhagen, J. E. (1994). Self-efficacy and call-in political television show use. Communication Research, 21(3), 366-379.
Newhagen, J. E. (1994). Media use and political efficacy: The suburbanization of race and class. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45(6), 386-394.
Nisbet, M. C., & Scheufele, D. A. (2004). Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(4), 877-896.
Nie, N. H., & Erbring, L. (2002). Internet and society: A preliminary report. It & Society, 1 (1), 275-283.
Nie, N. H.(2001). Sociability, interpersonal relations, and the Internet: Reconciling conflicting findings. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 420-435.
Niemi, R. G., Graig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 national election study. The American Political Science Review, 85(4), 1407-1413.
Norris, P. (2001). Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, P., & Jones, P. (1998). Virtual democracy. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 3(2), 1-4.
NTIA (1998). Falling through the net II: New data on the digital divide. Retrieve from: http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/net2/falling.html
OECD (2001). Understanding the digital divide. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
O’Reilly, T. (2005). Web2.0: Compact definition? Retrieve from http://radar.oreilly.com/2005/10/web-20-compact-definition.html.
Osimo, D. (2008). Web 2.0 in government: Why and How. Retrieve from http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC45269.pdf.
Pasek, J., More, E., Romer, D. (2010). Social media and political engagement: Extending theory and evaluating causal claims with a prospective analysis. Paper presented at the political communication pre-conference for the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C.
Papacharissi, Z. (2004). Democracy On‐line: Civility, Politeness, and the Democratic Potential of On‐line Political Discussion Groups, New Media & Society,6(2), 259‐284.
Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: The internet as a public sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 9-27.
Perez, O. (2008). Complexity, information overload and online deliberation. Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, Bar Ilan Univ. Pub Law Working Paper No. 10-09. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1031510
PEW/INTERNET(2008). The internet and the 2008 election. Retrieve from http://www.pewinternet.org.
PEW/INTERNET(2010). The internet and the 2008 election. Retrieve from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/Politics-and-social-media/Report/21-perecnt-of-online-adults-used-SNS.aspx.
Polat, R. K. (2005). The Internet and political participation: Exploring the explanatory links. European Journal of Communication, 20(4), 435-459.
Pomper, G. & Sernekos, L. (1991). Bake sales and voting. Society, 28: 10-16.
Popkin, S. L., & Dimock, M. A. (1999). Political knowledge and citizen competence. In Elkin, S. L., & Soltan, K. E. (Eds.). Citizen competence and democratic institutions (pp. 117-146) . University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Postelnicu, M. & Cozma, R. (2008). Befriending the candidate: Uses and gratifications of candidate profiles on MySpace. Paper presented to the National Communication Association, San Diego, CA.
Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revial of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Ren, W. H. (1999). Self-efficacy and search for government information: a study of small-business executives. Reference and User Services Quarterly, 38(3), 283-291.
Rojas, H., Puig-i-Abril, E.,and Perez, I. (2007). The Internet and civic engagement: How online news, political messaging and blog use matter for participation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Internet Researchers-AOIR annual meeting, Oct, 18-20, Vancouver.
Rojas, H. & Puig-i-Abril, E. (2009). Mobilizers mobilized: Information, expression mobilization and participation in the digital age. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 902-927.
Rosenberg, Y. (2004). Voter 2004: Reading the mind of the electorate. American Demographics, March1, 17-19.
Rubin, A. M. (1994). Media uses and effects: A uses-and-gratifications perspective. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 417-436). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Rudolph, T. J., Gangl, A., Stevens, D. (2000). The effects of efficacy and emotions on campaign involvement. Journal of Politics, 62( 4), 1189–1197.
Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in 21st century. Mass Communication & Society, 3(1), 3-37.
Scheufele, D. A., & Nisbet, M. C. (2002). Being a citizen online: New opportunities and dead ends. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 7(3), 55-75.
Scheufele, D. A. (2001). Democracy for some? How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate. In R. P. Hart & D. Shaw (Eds.), Communication the U.S. elections: New agendas(pp. 19-32). Lanhan, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Selwyn, N., Gorard, S. & Furlong, J.(2005). Whose Internet is it anyway? Exploring adults’ (non)use of the Internet in everyday life. European Journal of Communication, 20, 5-26.
Selwyn, N. (2004). Reconsidering political and popular understanding of the digital divide. New Media & Society, 6(3), 341-362.
Semetko, H. A. & Valkenburg, P. M. (1998). The impact of attentiveness on political efficacy: Evidence from a three-year German panel study. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 10(3), 195-210.
Shade, L. R. (2002). The digital divide: From definitional stances to policy initiatives. Department of Candian Heritage P3: Policy and Program Forum, Ottawa April 16.
Shah, D. V., Cho, J., Eveland, W. P., & Kwak, N. (2005). Information and expression in a digital age. Modeling internet effects on civic participation. Communication Research, 32, 531-565.
Shah, D. V., McLeod, J. M., & Yoon, S. (2001). Communication, context and community: An exploration of print, broadcast, and Internet influences. Communication Research, 28(4), 464-506.
Shah, D. V., Kwak, N., & Holbert, R. L. (2001). “Connecting” and “disconnect” with civic life: Patterns of Internet use and the production of social capital. Political Communication, 18(2), 141-162.
Shan, D. V., Cho, J., Eveland, W. P., & Kwak, N. (2005). Information and Expression in a Digital Age. Modeling Internet Effects on Civic Participation. Communication Research, 32(5), 531-565.
Song, F. (2003). Mapping the virtual terrain: a conceptual analysis of online communities and their democratic effects. Annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta, GA.
Stein, L. (2009). Social movement web use in theory and practice: A content analysis of US movement websites. New Media & Society, 11(5), 749-771.
Sweetser, K. D. & Kid, L. L. (2008). Stealth soapboxes: Political information efficacy, cynicism and uses of celebrity weblogs among readers. New Media & Society, 10(1), 67-91.
Taveesin, N. J., & Brown, W. J. (2006). The use of communication technology in Thailand’s political process. Asian Journal of Communication, 16(1), 59-78.
Teorell, J. (2003). Linking Social Capital to Political Participation: Voluntary associations and networks of recruitment in Sweden. Scandinavian Political Studies, 26(1), 49–66.
Tewksbury, D. (2006). Exposure to the newer media in a presidential primary campaitn. Political Communication, 23, 313-332.
Tolbert, C. J. & Mossberger, K. (2006). The effects of e-government on trust and confidence in government. Public Administration Review, 66(3), 354-369.
Tolbert, C. J., & McNeal, R. S. (2003). Unraveling the effects of the Internet on political participation? Political Research Quarterly, 56(2), 175-185.
Trammell, K. D. and Keshelashvili, A. (2005). Examining the new influencers: A self-presentation study of a-list blogs’. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 82(4), 968-982.
Trammell, K. D., Williams, A. P. Postelnicu, M., and Landreville, K. D. (2006). Evolugion of online text and technical features. Mass Communication & Society, 9(1), 21-44.
Tsai, C. H. (2001). Why do Taiwanese vote? Journal of Electoral Studies, 8(2), 125-158.
van Dijk, J. (2006). Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings. Poetics, 34, 221-235.
van Dijk, J. (2005). The deepening divide. London: Sage Publications.
van Dijk, J. (1999). The network society: Social aspects of new media. London: Sage Publications.
van Dijk, J., & Hacker, K. (2000, June). The digital divide as a complex and dynamic phenomenon. Paper presented at the 50th annual conference of the International Communication Association, 1-5 June, Acapulco, Mexico.
Verva, S., Scholozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Verba, S., & Nie, N. H.(1972). Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality. New York: Harper and Row.
Wang, S. (2007). Political use of the internet, political attitudes, and political participation. Asian Journal of Communication, 17(4), 381-395.
Walsh, K. C., Jennings, M. K., & Stoker, L.(2004). The effects of social class identification on participatory orientations towards government. British Journal of Political Science, 34, 469-495.
Weare, C. (2002). The internet and democracy: The causal links between technology and politics. International Journal of Public Administration, 25(5), 659-692.
Williams, F., Philips, A., & Lange, P. (1994). Gratification associated with new communication technologies, In K. Rosengren, L. A. Winner, & P. Palmgreen(Eds.), Media gratifications research: Current perspectives(pp. 241-252). Sage Publications, Inc.
Windahl, S. (1981). Uses and gratifications at the crossroads. Mass Communication Review Yearbook, 2, 174-185.
Wojcieszak, M. & Mutz, D. (June, 2007). Online groups and political deliberation: Does the Internet facilitate exposure to political disagreement? Paper presented at the International Communication Association 61st Annual Conference, San Francisco.
Woodard, J. L., & Roper, E. (1950). Political activity of American citizens. American Political Science Reviews, 44(4), 872-885.
Wolfinger, R. E., & Rosenstone, S. (1980). Who votes? New Haven: Yale University Press.
Xeons, M., & Moy, P. (2007). Direct and differential effects of the Internet on political and civic engagement. Journal of Communication, 57, 704-718.
Zhang, W., & Chia, S. C. (2006). The effects of mass media use and social capital on civic and political participation. Communication Studies, 57, 277-297.
Zhang, W., Johnson, T. J., Seltzer, T., & Bichard, S. L. (2010). The revolution will be networked: The influence of social networking sites on political attitudes and behavior. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 75-92.
Zillien, N., & Hargittai, E. (2009). Digital distinction: Status-specific types of Internet usage. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2), 274-29.

 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
QR Code
QRCODE