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題名：經營管理與商業競爭力—1815年前後的英國東印度公司廣州商館
作者：游博清
作者(外文)：Yu, Po-ching
校院名稱：國立清華大學
系所名稱：歷史研究所
指導教授：黃一農
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2011
主題關鍵詞：英國東印度公司；廣州商館；商業史；鴉片；茶葉；East India Company；Canton Factory；Commercial History；Opium；Tea
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(3) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(1)
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  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:115
1784年英國的「折抵法案」(Commutation Act) 大幅降低茶葉稅率，有效杜絕以往茶葉走私的情況，不久中英貿易迅速成長，英國也躍升為清朝對外貿易最大國，英國東印度公司為因應新形勢，亦改組其廣州商館 (Canton Factory) 的組織架構，常設「特選委員會」(Select Committee)，人員長年駐華，直到1834年為止。在這約半世紀裡，1815年前後可謂公司對華貿易發展的轉折時期，此時戰爭、海盜等長期干擾貿易的因素告一段落，為公司帶來運費、保險費下降等利多，但同時公司卻也面臨來自其他商人群體爭奪中國商業利益的嚴峻挑戰。
本論文一方面從經營管理的角度探究1815年前後廣州商館的組織形式，分析商館職員的任務分工、升遷快慢、休假方式、薪資與福利等；也論述商館與東印度公司內部組織如董事會、印度總督區、來華船隊等，在貨物、資金、通信、船運等方面的聯繫配合，藉此更了解商館常年管理運作的相關機制。
另一方面則從商業競爭的角度，論述此時在廣州各國商人群體間，東印度公司所具有的優勢、劣勢，及所面臨的威脅。本論文認為1813年英國實施印度貿易自由化、中國對鴉片需求的增加、美商擴大和英國非公司商人的互助等因素，增加港腳商人 (Country merchant)、英、美、葡等國商人彼此間合作經營中國貿易的機會，既使港腳商人的貿易總量逐漸超越廣州商館，也使中國商貿競爭日趨激烈，這些變化使公司對華貿易享有的獨佔權受到嚴重的破壞，非常不利於公司未來的經營發展。公司雖試圖爭取更有利的經商條件，但清廷嚴禁鴉片的立場、茶葉維持從陸路運輸的方式、阿美士德使節團的失敗等，均無法讓公司取得比其他國家商人更大的優勢。
In 1784, the “Commutation Act” of the British Parliament reduced greatly the tea duties which efficiently precluded the tea smuggling. After that, the Anglo-Chinese trade increased rapidly, and the Britian had the largest share of the China’s foreign trade. In order to accommodate this new situation, the English East India Company (hereafter EIC) decided to reorganize its Canton Factory’s management methods, a “Select Committee” was set up regularly and the personnel of the Factory resided in China all the year till 1834. Among the almost fifty years between 1786-1834, the period around 1815 was a turning point of the EIC’s China trade. The war and pirates which disturbed the trade come to an end from 1816, thereupon the EIC obtained the advantage of lowering the freight and insurance. But on that same time, the EIC faced the severe chanllenges from other merchant groups which want to grab the China commercial market’s profits.
This thesis explores the institional organization of the Canton Factory around 1815 on the one hand, including the division of labours, the methods of vocation, the time spent on promotion, the salary and welfare of the Factory’s members. It also explains the various interactions between the Factory and the internal parts of the EIC such as the Court of Directors, Indian Presidencies and the EIC’s ship, comprising the cargo, fianance, communication and shipping. As a result of these researches, we can understand more the related operations of the Canton Factory’s trade management than before.
On the other hand, this dissertation discusses the advantage and disadvantage of the EIC among various merchant groups in China, and also the challenges of the EIC faced around 1815. This study contends that some new changes then increased and provided the cooperative opportunities bewteen Country merchants and English, America, Portuguese merchants, such as free trade with India from 1813, the growing demand of the Chinese for opium and the expanding cooperate strategy between the American merchants and the British non-EIC’s merchants. These developments let the trade volume of the Country merchants surpass gradually the Canton Factory and the China trade became more competitive. These changes eorded violently the EIC’s trade monopoly with China and were very disadvantage for the EIC’s further developments. The EIC struggled to gain more advantageous commercial conditions, but due to the opium prohibition of the Q’ing dynasty, the tea transportation by land as usual, the failure of the Lord Amherst embassy etc., the EIC could’t obtain more trade advantages than other merchant groups in China.
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二、 電子資料庫
1. Eighteen Century Collection Online database (ECCO)
2. Periodicals Archive Online dataase (PAO)
3. The Making of the Modern World database (MOMW)
4. Western Books on China up to 1850 Online.
5. 中國方志庫。
6. 清代宮中檔奏摺及軍機處檔摺件線上資料庫。

三、 前人研究
A. 專著
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70. 吳義雄，《條約口岸體制的醞釀︰19世紀30年代中英關系研究》（北京：中華書局，2009）。
71. 季壓西、陳偉民，《中國近代的通事》（北京：學苑出版社，2007）。
72. 林子昇，《十六至十八世紀澳門與中國之關係》，收入《新澳門叢刊》（澳門：澳門基金會，1998）。
73. 徐新吾，《中國近代繅絲工業史》（上海：上海人民出版社，1990）。
74. 張曉寧，《天子南庫—清前期廣州制度下的中西貿易》（南昌：江西高校出版社，1999）。
75. 梁嘉彬，《廣東十三行考》（台中：東海大學出版社，1960）。
76. 章文欽，《廣東十三行與早期中西關係》（廣州：廣東經濟出版社，2009）。
77. 郭德焱，《清代廣州的巴斯商人》（北京：中華書局，2005）。
78. 陳國棟，《東亞海域一千年》（台北：遠流出版社，2005）。new window
79. 黃啟臣，《明清廣東商人》（廣州：廣東經濟出版社，2001）。
80. 黃啟臣，《梁經國天寶行史跡》（廣州：廣東高等教育出版社，2003）。
81. 廣州市荔灣區地方志編纂委員會編，《廣州十三行滄桑》（廣州：廣東省地圖出版社，2001）。
82. 潘剛兒、黃啟臣、陳國棟等著，《廣州十三行之一：潘同文（孚）行》（廣州：華南理工大學出版社，2006）。
83. 蘇精，《中國，開門！—馬禮遜及相關人物研究》（香港：基督教中國宗教文化研究社，2005）。
84. 蘇精，《馬禮遜與中文印刷出版》（台北：學生書局，2000）。new window

B. 論文及期刊文章
1. Bakhala, Franklin, “Indian Opium and Sino-Indian Trade Relations, 1801-1858” (Ph. D. thesis, London: University of London, 1985).
2. Basu, Dilip Kumar, “Asian Merchants and Western Trade: A Comparative Study of Calcutta and Canton, 1800-1840” (Ph. D. thesis, Berkeley: University of California, 1975).
3. Bourne, John M., “The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858” (Ph. D. thesis, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 1977).
4. Bowen, John, “The East India Company's Education of Its Own Servants,” The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 3/4 (1955), pp. 105-123.
5. Chaudhuri, Kirti N., “The East India Company and the Export of Treasure in the Early Seventeenth Century,” The Economic History Review, New Series, vol. 19, no. 2 (1966), pp. 345-363.
6. Chaudhuri, Kirti N., “Treasure and Trade Balances: The East India Company’s Export Trade, 1660-1720,” The Economic History Review, New Series, vol. 21, no. 3 (1968), pp. 480-502.
7. Cheong, Weng E., “The Beginnings of Credit Finance on the China Coast: The Canton Financial Crisis of 1812-1815,” Business History, vol. 13, Issue 2 (1971), pp. 87-103.
8. Cheong, Weng E., “The Decline of Manila as the Spanish Entrepôt in the Far East, 1785-1826: Its Impact on the Pattern of Southeast Asian Trade,” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, vol. 2, no. 2 (1971), pp. 142-158.
9. Davis, Nancy Ellen, “The American China Trade, 1784-1844: Products for the Middle Class” (Ph. D. thesis, Washington: George Washington University, 1987).
10. Downs, J. M., “American Merchants and the China Opium Trade, 1800-1840,” The Business History Review, vol. 42, no. 4 (1968), pp. 418-442.
11. Fairbank, John K., “Reviewed work (s): La Chine et l'Occident: Le commerce a Canton au XVIIIe Siecle, 1719-1833 by Louis Dermigny,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 27 (1967), pp. 286-290.
12. Fetter, F. W., “The Authorship of Economic Articles in the Edinburgh Review, 1802-47,” The Journal of Political Economy 61:3 (1953), pp. 232-259.
13. Fry, Howard T., “Alexander Dalrymple and New Guinea,” The Journal of Pacific History, vol. 4 (1969), pp. 83-104.
14. Gillespie, R. St. J., “Sir Nathaniel Dance’s Battle off Pulo Auro,” Mariner’s Mirror, vol. 21, no. 2 (1935), pp. 172-186.
15. Grant, Hugh, “Bookkeeping in the Eighteenth Century: The Grand Journal and Grand Ledger of the Hudson's Bay Company,” Archivaria, no. 43 (1997), pp. 143-157.
16. Hariharan, Shantha, “Macao and the English East India Company in the Early Nineteenth Century: Resistance and Confrontation,” Portuguese Studies, vol. 23, no. 02 (2007), pp. 135-152.
17. MacEvoy, Michael, “East India Register and Directories,” The Genealogists Magazine, vol. 25 (2003), pp. 63-64.
18. Markovits, Claude, “The Political Economy of Opium Smuggling in Early Nineteenth Century India: Leakage or Resistance?” Modern Asian Studies, vol. 43, no. 1 (2009), pp. 89-111.
19. McCartor, Robert L., “The John Company's College: Haileybury and the British Government's Attempt to Control the Indian Civil Service” (Ph. D. thesis, Lubbock: University of Texas Techology, 1981).
20. Mok, Kin-wai, “The British intra-Asian trade with China, 1800-1842” (Ph. D. thesis, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University, 2005).
21. Morse, H. B., “The Provision of Funds for the East India Company's Trade at Canton during the Eighteenth Century,” The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series, vol. 54, no. 2 (1922), 227-255.
22. Mui, Hoh-cheung and Mui, Lorna H., “The Commutation Act and the Tea Trade in Britain 1784-1793,” The Economic History Review, New Series, vol. 16, no. 2 (1963), pp. 234-253.
23. Mui, Hoh-cheung and Mui, Lorna H.,“William Pitt and the Enforcement of the Commutation Act, 1784-1788,” The English Historical Review, vol. 76, no. 300 (1961), pp. 447-465.
24. Philips, Cyril H., “II. The Secret Committee of the East India Company, 1784-1858,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 10, no. 3 (1940), pp. 699-716.
25. Philips, Cyril H., “The Secret Committee of the East India Company,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, vol. 10, no. 2 (1940), pp. 299-315.
26. Pritchard, Earl H., “Private Trade Between England and China in the Eighteenth Century (1680-1833),” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 1, no. 1 (1957), pp. 108-137.
27. Pritchard, Earl H., “Private Trade Between England and China in the Eighteenth Century (Concluded),” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 1, no. 2 (1958), pp. 221-256.
28. Rabitoy, Neil, “The Control of Fate and Fortune: The Origins of the Market Mentality in British Administrative Thought in South Asia,” Modern Asian Studies, vol. 25, no. 4 (1991), pp. 737-764.
29. Siddiqi, Asiya, “The Business World of Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy,” The Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 19, nos. 3-4(1982), pp. 301-324.
30. Smith, Carl T. and Van Dyke, Paul A., “Armenian Footprints in Macau,” Review of Culture (International Edition), no. 8 (2003), pp. 20-39.
31. Smith, Carl T. and Van Dyke, Paul A., “Four Armenian Families,” Review of Culture (International Edition), no. 8 (2003), pp. 40-50.
32. Smith, Carl T. and Van Dyke, Paul A., “Muslims in the Pearl River Delta, 1700 to 1930,” Review of Culture (International Edition), no. 10 (2004), pp. 6-15.
33. Spivey, Lydia Luella, “Sir George Thomas Staunton: Agent for The British East India Company in China, 1798-1817” (M. A. thesis, Durham: Duke University, 1968).
34. Stifler, Susan R., “The Language Students of the East India Company’s Canton Factory,” Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 69 (1938), pp. 46-82.
35. Thomas, James H., “East India Agency Work in the British Isles, 1700-1800,” in H. V. Bowen etc. ed., The Worlds of the East India Company. (New York: Boydell Press, 2003), pp. 33-47.
36. Tsai, Yang-chien, “Trading for Tea: A Study of the English East India Company’s Tea Trade with China and the Related Financial Issues, 1760-1833” (Ph. D. thesis, Leicester: University of Leicester, 2003).
37. Van Dyke, Paul A., “The Anglo-Dutch Fleet of Defense (1620-1622): Prelude to the Dutch Occupation of Taiwan,” In Around and about Formosa. Edited by Leonard Blussé (Taipei: Ts’ao Yung-ho Foundation for Culture and Education, 2003), pp. 61-81.
38. Van Dyke, Paul A., “New Sea Routes to Canton in the 18th Century and the Decline of China’s Control over Trade,” 收入李慶新主編，《海洋史研究（第一輯）》（北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2010），頁57-108。
39. Ward, Peter, “Admiral Peter Rainier and the Command of the East Indies Station 1794-1805” (Ph. D. thesis, London: University of London, 1985)
40. Webster, Anthony, “The Political Economy of Trade Liberalization The East India Company Charter Act of 1813,” The Economic History Review, New Series, vol. 43, no. 3 (1990), pp. 404-419.
41. 牛道慧，〈鴉片戰爭前在廣州的美國商人（1784-1844）〉（台北：文化大學歷史系，2008年博士論文未刊本）。new window
42. 王友梅，〈鴉片戰爭前英國對華之鴉片貿易問題〉（台北：台灣大學，2000年碩士論文未刊本）。
43. 王淵、牛淑會，〈日本數字圖書館的項目與特點〉，《現代情報》，2004年第8期，頁75-77。
44. 王爾敏，〈圖畫史頁所見之廣州口岸與洋行、夷商、買辦〉，《近代中國》，2001年第6期，頁34-46。
45. 吳義雄，〈“廣州英語”與19世紀中葉以前的中西交往〉，《近代史研究》，2001年第3期，頁172-202。
46. 吳義雄，〈興泰行商欠案與鴉片戰爭前夕的行商體制〉，《近代史研究》，2007年第1期，頁56-75。
47. 李金明，〈清代粵海關的設置與關稅征收〉，《中國社會經濟史研究》，1995年第4期，頁28-36。
48. 李寬柏，〈鴉片戰爭前中英貿易中的英國散商研究〉（南昌：南昌大學碩士論文，2006）。
49. 周振鶴，〈中國洋涇濱英語最早的語詞集〉，《廣東社會科學》，2003年第1期，頁77-84。
50. 周湘，〈清代廣州行商倪秉發事跡〉，《中山大學學報》，2001年第5期，頁100-105。
51. 馬廉頗、黃定平，〈試論嘉慶七年英國覬覦澳門事件〉，《廣東民族學院學報（社會科學版）》，1996年第1期，頁21-27。
52. 張嘉鳳，〈十九世紀牛痘的在地化──以《ﾛ英咭唎國新出種痘奇書》、《西洋種痘論》與《引痘略》為討論中心〉，《中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊》，第78本第4分 (2007)，頁755-812。new window
53. 張燕清，〈英國東印度公司對華茶葉貿易方式探析〉，《中國社會經濟史研究》，2006年第3期，頁54-60。
54. 張燕清，〈壟斷政策下的東印度公司對華茶葉貿易〉，《浙江學刊》，2006年第6期，頁73-76。
55. 陳國棟，〈1780-1800：中西貿易的關鍵年代〉，收入《中國海洋發展史論文輯》第六輯（台北：中央研究院人文社會科學研究所，1997），頁249-280。new window
56. 陳國棟，〈Uncertainty of the Old China Trade: A Case Study of Manhop's Failure〉，收入郝延平、魏秀梅主編，《近世中國之傳統與蛻變：劉廣京院士七十五歲祝壽論文集》（臺北：中央研究院近代史研究所，1998），頁 889-906。
57. 陳國棟，〈清代前期粵海關的利益分配 (1684-1842)：粵海關監督的角色與功能〉，《食貨月刊》，第12卷第1期 (1982)，頁19-33。
58. 陳國棟，〈清代前期粵海關的稅務行政〉，《食貨月刊》，第11卷第10期 (1982)，頁465-487。
59. 陳國棟，〈清代前期粵海關監督的派遣〉，《史原》，第10期 (1980)，頁139-168。
60. 陳國棟，〈粵海關 (1684-1842) 的行政體系〉，《食貨月刊》，第11卷第4期 (1981)，頁183-200。
61. 陳國棟，〈論清代中葉廣東行商經營不善的原因〉，《新史學》，第1卷第4期 (1990)，頁1-40。new window
62. 陳國棟，〈另一種水利—清代臺灣的「海事保險借貸」〉，《臺灣文獻別冊》，第15期 (2005)，頁2-15。new window
63. 彭澤益，〈廣州洋貨十三行行商倡導對外洋牛痘法及荷蘭豆的引進與傳播〉，《九州學刊》，1991年第4期，頁73-84。
64. 游博清、黃一農，〈天朝與遠人—小斯當東與中英關係 (1793-1840)〉，《中央研究院近代史研究所集刊》，第69期 (2010)，頁1-40。
65. 黃一農，〈明末至澳門募葡兵的姜雲龍小考：兼答熊熊先生對「e-考據」的批評〉，《中央研究院近代史研究所集刊》，第62期 (2008)，頁141-166。new window
66. 黃一農，〈歐洲沈船與明末傳華的西洋大砲〉，《中研院史語所集刊》，第75本第3分 (2004)，頁573-634。new window
67. 楊仁飛，〈論清政府對澳門的海關管理〉《廣東社會科學》，1993年第2期，頁54-61。
68. 楊曉棠，〈牛痘首傳廣東考略〉，《廣東史志》，1998年第3期，頁9-13。
69. 蕭國亮，〈清代廣州行商制度研究〉，《清史研究》，2007年第1期，頁32-48。
70. 蘇精，〈英國東印度公司與西醫來華〉，收入珠海市委宣傳部、澳門基金會、中山大學近代中國研究中心主編，《珠海、澳門與近代中西文化交流-“首屆珠澳文化論壇”論文集》（北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2010)，頁44-76。
71. 蘇精，〈馬禮遜與斯當東：英國兩位初期漢學家的情誼〉，《台灣師大歷史學報》，第30期 (2002)，頁79-94。new window
72. 蘇精，〈1822年廣州大火後英國商館的重建〉，“全球與區域之間—近代早期廣州口岸史研究”國際學術研討會，廣州中山大學，2010，頁212-224。
73. 蘭日旭，〈英國東印度公司取得華茶出口貿易壟斷權的因素分析〉，《農業考古》，1998年第4期，頁211-214。
74. 蘭日旭，〈英國東印度公司從事華茶出口貿易發展的階段與特點〉，《農業考古》，2006年第2期，頁223-228。
75. 蘭日旭、徐生忠，〈淺析英國東印度公司從事華茶貿易的雙面影響〉，《農業考古》，1999年第2期，頁219-221。
76. 顧力仁，〈中國大陸編目中心的現況與發展〉，《國家圖書館館刊》，2007年第2期，頁193-210。new window

 
 
 
 
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