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題名:製造藝術--論古德曼的藝術哲學
作者:鄭勝華 引用關係
作者(外文):Cheng, Sheng-Hua
校院名稱:國立臺灣師範大學
系所名稱:美術學系
指導教授:陳瑞文
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:象徵系統理解認識論製造世界製造藝術symbol systemsunderstandingepistemologyworldmakingartmaking
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本論文旨在研究古德曼的美學與藝術哲學。其研究環繞著幾個問題:探討古德曼如何透過語言分析、邏輯命題與指涉關係來建構藝術的語言,或稱為象徵理論。這樣的方式導致古德曼藝術哲學出現什麼樣的特徵?當中呈現出什麼樣的藝術操作模態?又如何連結到他思想的其他面向,如形上學、本體論與認識論。古德曼這種強調認知與理解為主導的藝術哲學呈現出什麼樣的美學變化?它與當代其他藝術理論,尤其是分析美學以外的藝術理論,之間的差異為何?或者它們彼此之間存在著可能的共同趨向?反映出當代藝術哲學什麼樣的理論轉向?
在這些問題的引導下,首先說明論文主要的研究方法是透過議題式的發展而形成的,此有別於試圖完整勾勒古德曼思想的企圖。
古德曼思想的方法論是進一步討論其藝術哲學之前必須掌握的關鍵。因為整體來看,方法論的運用遍及他整個著作與不同思想面向之中。接下來,針對古德曼藝術理論中幾個核心概念進行探討,這包括藝術的徵候、再現與範例等等。藉此,發現其藝術理論強調象徵辨識、理解與運用的能力,而且呈現出三重不同的發展方向,即藝術教育、藝術創作與藝術哲學的重新概念化。
古德曼視藝術作為一種象徵系統,這個看法可追溯到他的「製造世界」概念,發現藝術與製造世界之間有著非比尋常的關係,因為藝術被他視為是製造世界的方式,於是對古德曼藝術哲學的探尋轉而進入其本體論層面的討論。不過,製造世界另一層積極的涵義是,製造本身就是一種認識論的運作過程,藝術作品或藝術理論因而不僅與象徵有關,而且轉向一種認識模態的操作。
正是在認識論的層面上,古德曼藝術哲學與其他當代藝術理論有了共同對話的平台,以此平台為基礎,可作為觀察當代藝術哲學不同取徑之間的差異與相似之處,也作為本論文在其中所嘗試的製造藝術。
This study aims at exploring Nelson Goodman’s aesthetics and philosophy of art, addressing the following main questions: how does Goodman construct his languages of art or the theory of symbols by analyzing languages logical propositions and inferential relations? How does such method shape Goodman’s philosophy of art? How does he elaborate his philosophy of art? And how does his philosophy of art connect with other dimensions of his theory such as metaphysics, ontology and epistemology? What kind of aesthetic shift is presented in Goodman’s philosophy of art which stresses cognition and understanding? What are the differences between Goodman’s theory of art and that of contemporary art criticisms, especially those other than analytic aesthetics? Are there any coherent trend shared by them? Do these contemporary philosophies of art as a whole indicate any theoretical turn?
With these questions in mind, I would firstly demonstrate that my approach to Nelson’s thought is primarily theme-based, which is far from an attempt to make a complete presentation of it. The methodology employed in his thought would function as the key to any further discussions of Goodman’s philosophy of art, as it is applied throughout his works and other aspects of his thought. Next, the discussions would revolve around some of the key concepts in Goodman’s philosophy of art, including symptoms of the aesthetic, representation, exemplification, and so on. Then we may come to discover that Goodman’s theory of art foregrounds the abilities of discriminating, understanding, and applying symbols, and they separately develop into three different directions, i.e., art education, art creation, and the reconception of philosophy of art.
As Goodman deems art as one symbol system, we may trace this view to his concept of “worldmaking.” That further indicates a significant relationship shared by art and worldmaking due to the fact that art, for Goodman, signifies ways of worldmaking. This also brings our exploration of his philosophy of art further to the discussion of his ontology. What is worth noting is that worldmaking contains another layer of active meaning: the making itself is the operational process of epistemology. Works of art and theories of art are hence not only connected with symbols, but also developed into an operation of epistemic mode.
It is on this level of epistemology and the theory of knowledge that Goodman’s philosophy of art stands in dialogue with other contemporary theories of art. Taking this as a basis, we may observe the differences and similarities shared among different approaches of contemporary philosophy of art. Finally, it may also serve as the basis for an attempt of Artmaking in this study.
一、古德曼的著作
(一)外文
Nelson Goodman. (1977). The Structure of Appearance. 3rd ed. Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
---. (1983) Fact, Fiction, and Forecast. 4th ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press.
---. (1976). Languages of Art:An approach to a theory of symbols. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
---. (1972). Problems and Projects. USA: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.
---. (1978). Ways of Worldmaking. Hassocks: Harvester Press.
---. (1984). Of Mind and Other Matters. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Nelson Goodman, Catherine Z. Elgin. (1988). Reconceptions in Philosophy and Other arts and Sciences. London: Routledge.

(二)中文
古德曼(Nelson Goodman)(2007)/著,劉華杰/譯,《事實、虛構與預測》,北京市:商務印書館。
───(1990),褚朔維/譯,《藝術語言》,北京市:光明日報出版社。
───(2008),姬志聞/譯,柏泉/校,《構造世界的多種方式》,上海:上海譯文出版社。

二、 古德曼的文章
古德曼發表在許多期刊上的文章可能後來集結出版,或者是將早期著作中的文章重新刊登。
Goodman, Nelson. (1991). “On Capturing Cities”. Journal of Aesthetic Education 25, More Ways of Worldmaking, 5-9.

三、研究古德曼的相關文獻
此部分所表列文獻基於以下三個條件:一是該著作中收錄古德曼的文章;二是書中標題直接提及古德曼的相關研究;三是作者直接提及章節內容以古德曼為研究核心。


(一)外文著作
Bender, John W. and Blocker, H. Gene. eds. (1993). Contemporary philosophy of art: readings in analytic aesthetics. NJ: Prentice Hall.
Cohnits, Daniel and Rossberg, Marcus. (2006). Nelson Goodman. Montreal &; Kingston • Ithaca: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Dickie, George. (1997) Introduction to Aesthetics: An Analytic Approach. Oxford and NewYork: Oxford University Press.
Douglas, Mary. and Hull, David. eds. (1992). How Classification Work: Nelson Goodman among the Social Sciences. Great British: Edinburgh University Press.
Elgin, Catherine Z. (1983). With Reference to Reference. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
Elgin, Catherine Z. ed. (1997). Nelson Goodman’s Philosophy of art. New York &; London: Garland Publishing, Inc.
Ernst, Gerhard. Steinbrenner, Jakob. Scholz, Oliver R. eds. (2009). From Logic to Art: Themes from Nelson Goodman. Heusenstamm: Ontos Verlag.
Erzen, Jale N. ed. (2009). Congress Book 2: Selected Papers: XVIIth International Congress of Aesthetics. SANART.
Gardner, Howard and Perkins, D. N. eds. (1988). Art, Mind and Education: Research from Project Zero. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Gardner, Howard. (1982). Art, Mind and Brain: A Cognitive Approach to Creativity. New York: Basic Books.
Genette, Gérard. (1997). The Work of Art. G. M. Goshgarian, trans. USA: Cornell University Press.
---. (1999). The Aesthetic Relation. G. M. Goshgarian, trans. USA: Cornell University Press.
Gkogkas, Nikolaos. (2008). Nelson Goodman and the Case for a Kalological Aesthetics. Palgrave Macmillan.
Gosselin, Mia. (1990). Nominalism and Contemporary Nominalism: Ontological and Epistemological Implications of the work of W. V. O. Quine and of N. Goodman. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Lamarque, Peter. and Olsen, Stein Haugom. eds. (2004). Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art: The Analytic Tradition. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
McCormick, Peter J. ed. (1996). Starmaking: Realism, Anti-Realism, and Irrealism. MA: MIT Press.
Perkins, David and Leondar, Barbara. eds. (1977). Art and Cognition. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Peter A. French, Theodore E. Uehling, Jr., Howard K. Wettstein. eds. (1991). Midwest Studies in Philosophy: v. 16. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
Rudner, Richard. and Scheffler, Israel. eds. (1972). Logic &; Art: essays in honor of Nelson Goodman. Indianapolis &; New York: The Bobbs-Merrill company, Inc.
Scheffler, Israel. (1997). Symbolic worlds: Art, science, language, ritual. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Schier, Flint. (1986). Deeper into Pictures: an essay on pictorial representation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Shottenkirk, Dena. (2009). Nominalism and Its Aftermath: The Philosophy of Nelson Goodman. NewYork: Springer.
Shusterman, Richard ed. (1989). Analytic Aesthetics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Stalker, Douglas. ed. (1994). Grue!: The New Riddle of Induction. Illinois: Open Court Publishing Company.

(二)中文著作
史文鴻(1992)/著,《西方當代美學──問題分析與理解導向》,台北市:青文出版。
柯馬爾(Salim Kemal),卡斯克爾(Ivan Gaskell)(2008)/著,王春辰等/譯,《藝術史的語言》,南京:江蘇美術出版社。
陳瑞文(2002)/著,《美學革命與當代徵侯評述》,台北市:台北市立美術館。new window
華騰伯格(Thomas E. Wartenberg)(2004)/編,《論藝術的本質》,台北市:五觀藝術管理。
劉悅笛(2009)/著,《分析美學史》,北京:北京大學出版社。

(三)外文期刊論文
1. 專刊
Aesthetics and Worldmaking: An Exchange with Nelson Goodman. in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 39, Spring, 1981. pp. 249-80.
Analytic Aesthetics. in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 46, Special Issue, 1987. pp. 115-223.
More Ways of Worldmaking. in The Journal of Aesthetic Education 25, Special Issue, 1991. pp. 1-112.
Symposium: The Legacy of Nelson Goodman. in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Summer, 2000. pp. 213-53.

2. 期刊論文
Carter, Curtis L. (2000). “A Tribute to Nelson Goodman ”. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 58:3, pp. 251-3.
---. (2009). “Nelson Goodman’s Hockey Seen: A Philosopher’s Approach to Performance”. Originally published in Erzen, Jale N. ed. Congress Book 2: Selected Papers: XVIIth International Congress of Aesthetics. SANART, 2009, pp. 57-67.
Elgin, Catherine Z. (1991). “Sign, Symbol, and System”. The Journal of Aesthetic Education 25, no.1 Spring, pp. 11-21.
---. (2000). “Worldmaker: Nelson Goodman (1906-1998)”. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 31: pp. 1-18.
---. (2001). “The Legacy of Nelson Goodman”. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 62, pp. 679-90.
Gardner, Howard. (2000). “Project Zero: Nelson Goodman’s Legacy in Arts Education ”. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 58:3, pp. 245-49.
Harris, N. G. E. (1973). “Goodman’s Account of Representation”. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 31, pp.323-7.
Mitchell, W. J. T. (1991). “Realism, Irrealism, and Ideology: A Critique of Nelson Goodman”. The Journal of Aesthetic Education , Vol. 25 no.1, pp. 23-35.
Moreno, Jonathan D. (1981). “Professor Goodman’s Stories”. Synthese, Vol. 46, No. 3, The Richard Rudner Memorial Issue, pp. 355-8.
Quine, W. V. (1978). “Otherworldly” . The New York Review of Books, November 23, p. 25.

(四)中文期刊論文
李青亮(2010),〈「例現」藝術效果的發生學─論戈德曼的新歸納法對藝術問題的回應〉,收於《現代美術學報》(19期),2010, 4,台北市:台北市立美術館,頁125-146。new window
林志明(2008),〈法國當代美學對康德的重新詮釋與開展〉,收於《哲學與文化》(第三十五卷第七期),頁135-147。
姬志聞(2010),〈論納爾遜‧古德曼對“分析/綜合區分”的拒斥及其效應〉,收於《自然辯證法研究》(第26卷,第6期),2010, 6,北京市:中國自然辯證法研究會、東北大學科技與社會研究中心,頁1-5。
張慈倫(2010),〈以Nelson Goodman的“Reality Remade”討論“The Great Hippias”的時序邏輯〉,收於《議藝份子》(14期),2010, 3,中壢市:中央大學藝術學研究所,頁147-162。
陳瑞文(1998),〈當代藝術的一種鑑賞與評論方向〉,收於《美育月刊》(93期),1998, 3,台北市:國立台灣藝術教育館,頁1-12。
鄭勝華(2011),〈分析的藝術認識論──以古德曼美學為例〉,收於《現代美術學報》(22期),2011, 11,台北市:台北市立美術館,頁37-66。new window




四、其他相關索引文獻
(一)外文著作
Adorno, Theodor W. (1973). Negative Dialectics. E.B. Ashton, trans. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
---. (1983). Prisms. Prismen, trans. MA: MIT press.
---. (1997). Aesthetic Theory. Gretel Adorno and Rolf Tiedemann. eds. Robert Hullot-Kentor. trans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
---. (2002). Essays on music. selected, with introduction, commentary, and notes by Richard Leppert; new translations by Susan H. Gillespie. California: University of California Press.
Barry, Jackson. (1999). Art, Culture, and the Semiotics of Meaning. NewYork: St. Martin’s Press.
Benjamin, Walter. (1998). The Origin of German Tragic Drama. J. Osborne, trans. London and New York: Verso.
Berger, John. (1977). Ways of Seeing. British Broadcasting Corporation and Penguin Books.
---. (1993). The Sense of Sight. New York: Vintage Books.
Calvino, Italo. (1993). Six memos for the next millennium. New York: Vintage Books.
Carnap, Rudolf. (1958). Introduction to Symbolic Logic and its Applications. William H. Meyer, John Wilkinson. Trans. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
Crary, Jonathan. (1990). Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century. MA: MIT Press.
Danto, Arthur C. (1985). The Transfiguration of the Commonplace: A Philosophy of Art. Cambridge, 2nd ed. MA: Harvard University Press.
---. (1986). The Philosophical Disenfranchisement of Art. New York: Columbia University Press.
Deleuze, Gilles. (2003). Francis Bacon: The Logic of sensation. Daniel W. Smith, trans. USA: University of Minnesota Press.
Deleuze, Gilles and Guattari, Félix. (1987). A Thousand Plateaus. Brian Massumi, trans. USA: University of Minnesota Press.
Dickie, George. (1997). The Art Circle: A theory of Art. USA: Chicago Spectrum Press.
Eco, Umberto. (1979). A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Foucault, Michel. (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge, A. M. Sheridan Smith, trans. New York: Pantheon Books.
---. (1989). The Order of Things: An archaeology of the human sciences. London: Routledge.
Gombrich, E. H. (1972). Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation. 2nd ed. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.
---. (1982). The Image and the Eye: Further studies in the psychology of pictorial representation. N. J.: Cornell University Press.
Hegel, G. W. F. (1975). Aesthetics: Lectures On Fine Art. T. M. Knox, trans. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hetherington, Stephen. ed. (2006). Epistemology Futures. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jeffers, Jennifer and Blocker, Gene. eds. (1998). Contextualizing aesthetics: from Plato to Lyotard. Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Jennings, Michael W. (1987). Dialectical Images: Walter Benjamin’s Theory of Literary Criticism, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Kieran, Matthew. ed. (2006). Contemporary Debates in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of art. USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Langer, Susanne K. (1942). Philosophy In A New Key: A study in the symbolism of reason, rite and art. MA: Harvard University Press.
Lewis, C. I. (1970). Collected Papers of Clarence Irving Lewis. J. D Goheen &; J. L. Mothershead, Jr. eds. CA: Stanford University Press.
Mitchell, W. J. T. (1986). Iconology: image, text, ideology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
---. (1994). Picture Theory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Quine, W. V. (1985). The Time of My Life: An Autobiography. MA: MIT Press.
Schaeffer, Jean-Marie. (2000). Art of the Modern Age: Philosophy of Art from Kant to Heidegger. Steven Rendall, trans. USA: Princeton University Press.
Schaeffer, Jean-Marie. Marí, Bartomeu. eds.(1999). Think Art: Theory and Practice in the Art of Today. Witte de With, center for contemporary art, Rotterdam.
Shusterman, Richard. (2002). Surface and Depth: Dialectics of Criticism and Culture. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Warburton, Nigel. (2003). The Art Question. New York: Routledge.
Whitehead, Alfred North. (1985). Symbolism: Its Meaning and Effect. New York: Fordham University Press.

(二)中文著作
丹托(Arthur Danto)(2004)/著,林雅琪、鄭惠雯/譯,《在藝術終結之後》,台北市:麥田出版。
───(2008)/著,鄧伯宸/譯,《美的濫用》,台北縣新店市:立緒文化出版。
卡西勒(Ernst Cassirer)(1990a)/著,甘陽/譯,《人論》,台北市:桂冠出版。
───(1990b)/著,于曉等/譯,張思明/校閱,《語言與神話》,台北市:桂冠出版。
卡納普(Rudolf Carnap)(1971)/著,馮耀明/譯述,《卡納普與邏輯經驗論》,台北市:環宇出版。
───(1995)/著,蔡坤鴻/譯,《世界的邏輯結構》,台北市:桂冠出版。
卡爾維諾(Italo Calvino)(1996)/著,吳潛誠/校譯,《給下一輪太平盛世的備忘錄》,台北市:時報出版。
尼采(F. W. Nietzsche)(1998)/著,劉崎/譯,《悲劇的誕生》,台北市:志文出版社。
安海姆(Rudolf Arnheim)(2001)/著,滕守堯/譯,《視覺思維》,成都市:四川人民出版社。
李維史陀(Claude Lévi-Strauss),艾瑞本(Didier Eribon)(1994)/著,《李維史陀對話錄:思想的法則》,台北市:正中書局。
姚介厚(1996)/著,《當代美國哲學》,台北市:遠流出版社。
柏拉圖(Plato)(2005)/著,朱光潛/譯、導讀,《柏拉圖文藝對話錄》,台北市:網路與書出版。
柏格(John Berger)(1993)/著,戴行鉞/譯,《藝術觀賞之道》,台北市:台灣商務。
洪漢鼎(1992)/著,《語言學的轉向:當代分析哲學的發展》,台北市:遠流出版社。new window
───(2008)/著,《當代分析哲學導論》,台北市:五南出版社。
洪謙(1990)/著,《邏輯經驗主義論文集》,台北市:遠流出版社。
迦納(Howard Gardner)(1997)/著,林佩芝/譯,《創造心靈:七位大師的創造力剖析》,臺北市:牛頓出版。
殷曼楟(2009)/著,《『藝術界』理論建構及其現代意義》,北京:社會科學文獻出版社。
高宣揚(1994)/著,《實用主義和語用論》,台北市:遠流出版社。new window
───(2003)/著,《當代法國思想五十年》,台北市:五南出版社。
康德(Immanuel Kant)(2002)/著,鄧曉芒/譯,楊祖陶/校,《判斷力批判》,北京:人民出版社。
───(2004)/著,鄧曉芒/譯,《判斷力批判》,台北市:聯經出版社。
強納森•柯拉瑞(Jonathan Crary)(2007)/著,蔡佩君/譯,《觀察者的技術:論十九世紀的視覺與現代性》,台北市:行人出版社。
笛卡兒(René Descartes)(1972)/著,錢志純/譯,《我思故我在》,台北市:志文出版社。
許悔之(2010)/著,《創作的型錄》,台北市:有鹿文化。
陳波、韓林合(2005)/主編,《邏輯與語言》,北京:東方出版社。
陳奎德(1994)/著,《懷特海》,台北市:東大出版社。
陳瑞文(2004)/著,《阿多諾美學論》,台北縣新店市:左岸文化。
───(2010a)/著,《阿多諾美學論:雙重的作品政治》,台北市:五南出版。
陳瑞麟(2010)/著,《科學哲學:理論與歷史》,台北市:群學出版社。new window
陳懷恩(2008)/著,《圖像學:視覺藝術的意義與解釋》,台北市:如果出版社,大雁文化發行。new window
傅柯(Michel Foucault)(1992)/著,劉北成、楊遠嬰/譯,《規訓與懲罰》,台北市:桂冠出版。
───(1993)/著,王德威/譯,《知識的考掘》,台北市:麥田出版。
舒斯特曼(Richard Shusterman)(2002)/著,彭鋒/譯,《實用主義美學》,北京:商務印書館。
喬姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)、福柯(Michel Foucault)(2012)∕著,厄爾德斯(Fons Elders)∕編,劉玉紅∕譯,《喬姆斯基、福柯論辯錄》,廣西桂林市:漓江出版社。
楊凱麟(2011)/著,《分裂分析福柯:越界、摺曲與布置》,南京:南京大學出版社。
趙天儀(1971)/著,《美學與語言》,台北市:三民書局。
德勒茲(Gilles Deleuze)(2000)/著,楊凱麟/譯,《德勒茲論傅柯》,台北市:麥田出版。
德勒茲(Gilles Deleuze)、加塔利(Félix Guattari)(2010)/著,姜宇輝/譯,《資本主義與精神分裂(卷2):千高原》,上海:上海書店出版社。
德雷福斯(Hubert L. Dreyfus)、拉比諾(Paul Rabinow)(2005)/著,錢俊/譯,《傅柯:超越結構主義與詮釋學》,台北縣新店市:桂冠出版社。
歐陽康(2005)/主編,《當代英美哲學地圖》,北京:人民出版社。
滕守堯(2001)/著,《審美心理描述》,成都市:四川人民出版社。
龔卓軍(1997)/著,《文化的總譜與變奏》,台北市:台灣書店。

(三)外文期刊論文
Malcolm Bull (1994). “Scheming schemata”. The British Journal of Aesthetics 34:3 58:3, p. 207.

(四)中文期刊論文
陳瑞文(2002),〈分析哲學的藝術理論──以但托(Arthur Danto)的藝術詮釋為例〉,《藝術觀點》(15期),2002, 7,台南:台南藝術大學,頁80-85。
───(2008),〈德勒茲的圖表史觀特徵〉,《中外文學》(423,第37卷•第4期),2008, 12,台北:國立臺灣大學外文系,頁13-58。
───(2009),〈德勒茲複合性的創造理論〉,《藝術觀點》(38期),2009, 4,台南:台南藝術大學,頁79-84。
───(2010b),〈阿多諾美學導論〉,收錄於《藝術觀點》(42期,2010年4月出刊),頁145-155。
───(2011a),〈德勒茲創造理論的非人稱與非人稱性〉,《國立政治大學哲學學報》(25期,2011年1月出刊),頁1-45。
───(2011b),〈德勒茲的術語變形與意圖──以「圖表」(diagramme)為例〉,《藝術觀點》(47期,2011年7月出刊),頁136-145。
───(2011c),〈事件作為作品與作品作為事件──德勒茲的事件觀〉,《藝術觀點》(48期,2011年10月出刊),頁131-139。
顧世勇(2008),〈當代藝術的轉向──從本體論走向認識論〉,收於《藝術觀點》(35期),2008, 7,台南:台南藝術大學,頁47-49。

五、網頁資料
Alpher, David
www.davidalpher.com/(檢索日期:2010.10.23)
BBC news. Melissa Hogenboom (2012). “Can you love a fake piece of art?”.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18180057(檢索日期:2012.06.04)
Curtis L. Carter“Hockey Seen: Nelson Goodman”
www.epublications.marquette.edu/haggerty/exhibitions/Hockey_Guide.pdf.(檢索日期:2010.10.22)
Harvard Graduate School of Education
www.pz.harvard.edu/(檢索日期:2010.10.10)
www.pz.harvard.edu/History/TenYears.htm(檢索日期:2010.10.14)
“N. Goodman, Philosopher and Project Zero Co-Founder, Dies”. Harvard University Gazette, 3 December . www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/12.03/goodman.html(檢索日期:2011.01.19)
“Project Zero: Update on Current Work, July 2006”
www.nolanyardscamp.org/Articles/ProjectZero.pdf(檢索日期:2010.10.18)
Wisconsin Visual Artists
http://www.artinwisconsin.com/public/article_full.php?user_id=197(檢索日期: 2012.05.11)

 
 
 
 
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