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題名:印度流亡藏人之邊界身分與離散情感
作者:鄧湘漪
作者(外文):Hsiang-I Teng
校院名稱:國立東華大學
系所名稱:族群關係與文化學系
指導教授:林徐達
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2014
主題關鍵詞:全球化移動離散研究身分認同日常生活民族誌流亡藏人GlobalizationMigrationDiaspora StudiesEthnic IdentityEveryday Life StudyEthnographyTibetan-in-Exile
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這份論文是關於離開西藏家鄉、遷移至印度屯墾區,以難民身分作為流亡者的生命敘事,透過政治、經濟與文化面向描繪流亡藏人於異鄉生存的日常生活,以及跨越時空的移動歷程中,面對自身、民族與國家疆界碎裂乃至重組的情感轉折和文化邏輯。藏人流亡生命經驗包覆著三重異化:西藏家鄉遊牧日常生活斷裂的文化殖民式異化、依附印度生存而政治身分懸置的精神哀傷,以及生產形式落入資本交換邏輯的勞動異化。這三層次的異化使得藏人經由跨國性的移動探尋「我是誰?」,而追尋生命存有的自由意志和行動實踐,展現西藏族群極具能動性的文化心理動力。然而,反抗異化過程迫使藏族的民族情感追尋以國家界限為前提,無論在印度作為難民或跳機成為西方國家公民,獲取身分認同的途徑皆產生精神性的難題,一為難民身分將公私領域融合以作為民族運動生命力來源,使得流亡者身處於未異化完全的情境之中;二則成為西方公民後,勞動生產遁入中國經濟市場與生活圈的擁抱。這倫理困境產生的民族情感糾結,模塑著藏人的離散生命,呈現跨國移動誘發混雜與糾葛的全球化現象。這精神性的矛盾使得西藏民族承受的社會苦難更顯凝滯,於此造就流亡日常生活的新面容—在陽光下追尋族群歸屬,在黑暗裡追求個人幸福。
The dissertation is an ethnographic account drawing the Tibetan-in-Exile on their marginal identity and entangled sentiments over half a century since 1959 when the 14th Dalai Lama established the settlements in India. As the prior and yet authentic culture system was about to be mobilized, the Tibetan people since then has built a shifted homeland in India and started their routine life. The exile lifestyle in India in a way has served as a special channel for the Tibetan escaping from China to the West, which caused a dramatic reroute for them in endeavoring to adapt the external living environment and to comfort the internal demand, as for their identity. It conclusively contains a three-fold meaning to the identity of the Tibetan-in-Exile: Firstly, the Tibetan cultural identify was crucially marginalized from China’s political domination. Secondly, as the people left China for India, the Tibetan-in-Exile unavoidably lose their political identity as becoming a refugee, which in turn provided a reflexive opportunity to appreciate the authenticity of their own culture, thereby reshaping the political idea of nationalism. Finally, the obtainment of the Western citizenship helped the Tibetan people accomplish both political and cultural validity while they returned to homeland with “hyphened identity” understood as Tibetan-American or Tibetan-Swiss. However, the economic obscurity or ambiguity remained, relying on Chinese global market, which revealed an unpredictable destiny toward their future. Based on the fieldwork in the Tibetan settlements in India, this dissertation intends to depict identity conflicts and diasporal contradictions among the Tibetan-in-Exile.
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