:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:都市發展理論之傳統與過渡:關於都市發展的三個議題
作者:黃仲由
作者(外文):HUANG, JHONG-YOU
校院名稱:國立臺北大學
系所名稱:不動產與城鄉環境學系
指導教授:賴世剛
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2016
主題關鍵詞:都市發展複雜科學異速增長規律異速增長指數灰色關聯分析Urban DevelopmentComplexity ScienceAllometric Scaling LawAllometric ExponentGrey Incidence Analysis
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:25
本論文內容是由三篇關於都市發展理論的文章所構成。第一篇文章 (第二章) 題為「都市發展理論之傳統與過渡:趨向生物有機增長的思考方式」,該篇文章旨在針對各種隱喻或類比都市發展的主流觀點,或是理解都市演變過程的數個主要取徑,提出一整合性之本質論證與比較,藉以彌補過去在詮釋都市發展及都市增長上可能的不足-特別是系統論、複雜科學 (complexity sciences) 與都市科學 (the science of cities) 興起後所引發的根本性轉變。最終該研究結果表明:生物有機觀點 (organicism) 及生物有機增長的思考方式實現了機械化世界觀與還原論思維所無法提供的深刻洞察,而假若我們期望成功地以整體的與永續的發展概念去規劃一個都市甚至是整個都市體系,則未來應嘗試掌握現代都市體系複雜的及不同構面的增長潛能,認清都市自發形成的異速生長本質,並依此原生屬性來引導及評估都市發展計畫與決策。
第二篇文章 (第三章) 則題為「都市異速增長規律之動態過程及啟示:臺灣都市區域供給網絡的經驗研究」,該篇文章旨在彌補過去對於都市供給網絡的異速增長規律所缺乏的動態探查,並結合灰色關聯分析方法探討系統相關的都市個體,與其自發突現的都市供給網絡的異速增長指數之間的同步變化程度或主次關係。最終該研究結果顯示:(一) 研究內容所掌握的和檢測的各種都市供給變量,其異速增長指數普遍隨時間推進而波動,並非如同生物節奏般地亙古不變,當然亦不存在固定的異速增長指數;(二) 都市個體的人口規模大小,以及都市個體對於集體層次的都市供給網絡的異速增長規律的關聯強弱,兩者間並沒有必然關係;(三) 都市個體的政治經濟份量,以及都市個體對於集體層次的都市供給網絡的異速增長規律的關聯程度,兩者間極可能關係非常緊密。
至於第三篇文章 (第四章) 則題為「都市異速增長規律之機制探勘與政策啟示:臺灣都市的社會經濟互動為例」,該篇文章旨在彌補過去對於都市社會經濟互動 (social interactions) 的異速增長規律所缺乏的動態探查,並結合灰色關聯分析方法探討增長規律中的都市個體的非線性動態發展,對於較高層次 (high-level) 的異速增長指數的影響程度及影響排序。最終該研究結果顯示:(一) 當都市發展規模越大,都市確實擁有得更多-例如所得總額、可支配所得和儲蓄數額的人均度量,皆普遍地隨都市規模增長而遞增;(二) 當都市發展規模越大,則其伴隨的都市病症卻未必更加嚴重-例如刑案件數、嫌犯數量、垃圾製造量的人均度量,則皆有可能隨都市規模增長而遞減;(三) 都市社會經濟量的異速增長規律的變動,大多是由政治經濟實力相對強盛或者規模較大的都市個體所主導;(四) 反言之,制約都市社會經濟量的異速增長規律的都市個體,則大多規模較小或者政治經濟實力相對薄弱。
This dissertation includes three essays on urban development theory. The first essay (in chapter 2) entitled "Tradition and Transition of Urban Development Theory: Toward A Thinking Mode Based on Organic Growth" attempts to propose an argumentation and comparison of an integrated view based on the metaphors and analogies that are embedded in the major theories or approaches in relation to urban development, and compensate for possible insufficiency in the interpretation of urban development and urban growth of the past—especially there are a fundamental shift to the rising of general systems theory, complexity sciences and the science of cities. This study suggests that the thinking mode of organicism based on organic growth achieves a profound insight which mechanization and reductionism cannot provide. If we were to expect success with the holistic and sustainable development concept for planning a city or even a whole urban system, we would need to know the complex growth potential of different facets in modern urban systems well and, furthermore, recognize the allometric nature of spontaneous emergence of cities, and then guide and assess urban development plans or decisions in accordance with these original properties.
The second essay (in chapter 3) entitled "Dynamics and Planning Implications for Allometric Scaling Law between Urban Supply Networks and Taiwan Urban Areas" aims to investigate the trajectory of allometric exponents of urban supply networks in the evolution of cities, and investigates and verifies existing statistical data (Urban and Regional Development Statistics) in Taiwan from 1991 to 2010 based on log-linear forms of allometric growth and grey incidence analysis (grey sequences), to measured or clarified effect among system-related urban individuals and allometric exponents of urban supply networks. This finding indicates the following conclusions: (1) that the allometric exponents of various supply systems change over time, unlike immutable biological rhythms; (2) that the population scale of a city does not affect allometric scaling law of urban supply networks, (3) and a close relationship exists between political or economic status of individual cities and influence of individual cities affecting the allometric scaling law of urban supply networks.
The third essay (in chapter 4) entitled "Urban Scaling Law and Its Empirical Findings: Revealing the Structure and Mechanism of Socioeconomic Interactions from Taiwan" aims to investigate the dynamic characteristics of allometric exponents of social interactions in the evolution of cities, and investigates and verifies existing statistical data (Urban and Regional Development Statistics) in Taiwan from 1991 to 2010 based on log-linear forms of allometric growth and grey incidence analysis (grey sequences), to measured or clarified effect among low-level entities (urban individuals) and high-level phenomena (allometric exponents) of social interactions. This finding indicates the following conclusions: (1) that the urban scale became lager, it indeed have more wealth (e.g., current income, disposable income, and savings) per capita (i.e., super-linear scaling); (2) that the urban scale became lager, the accompanying urban illness (e.g., crime cases, criminals, clearance of refuse, and expenditure grand total) were not necessarily more serious (i.e., super-linear scaling or sub-linear scaling); (3) that the individual key cities which dominant urban allometric scaling law were often have larger urban scale or relatively strong political and economic strength; (4) and the individual key cities which restrict urban allometric scaling law were often have smaller urban scale or relatively weak political and economic strength.
第二章

壹、中文文獻
于如陵、賴世剛 (2001)。聚落體系形成之電腦模擬實驗—以報酬遞增觀點為基礎之探討,台灣土地研究,3: 83-106。new window
汪禮國、賴世剛 (2008)。複雜科學與都市發展理論:回顧與展望,台灣公共工程學刊,4 (4): 1-11。
張松田、賴世剛 (2009)。混沌與突現在西門市場 (紅樓)—城市不是一棵樹,中華建築學刊,3 (3): 33-46。
黃仲由 (2007)。中部科學工業園區之設置對台灣中部區域經濟影響,國立中山大學公共事務管理研究所碩士論文。
黃仲由、賴世剛 (2015)。都市發展理論之傳統與過渡趨向生物有機增長的思考方式,地理學報,79: 31-64。new window
賴世剛 (2006)。都市、複雜與規劃—理解並改善都市發展,臺北:詹氏書局。new window
賴世剛、高宏軒 (2001)。都市複雜空間系統自我組織臨界性之初探,國立臺灣大學建築與城鄉研究學報,10: 31-43。new window
賴世剛、陳建元 (2004)。應用單維細胞自動體模擬空間賽局互動系統以檢視規劃作用的影響,台灣土地研究,7 (1): 49-70。new window
賴世剛、陳增隆 (2002)。廠商聚集的區域鎖定效果:遞增報酬的模擬觀察,地理學報,31: 17-34。new window
賴世剛、郭修謙 (2010)。突現:建構複雜都市系統模式,國科會專題研究計畫期末成果報告,計畫編號:NSC97-2410-H305-064-MY2。
賴世剛、黃仲由 (2012)。基於權變效用模式的行為規劃理論建構與應用,國科會專題研究計畫期末成果報告,計畫編號:NSC99-2410-H305-068-MY2。
賴世剛、王昱智、韓昊英 (2012)。都市自我組織—制度與空間演變的模擬比較,地理學報,67: 49-71。new window
賴世剛、韓昊英、吳次芳 (2009)。城市管理的學科設計—架構與內涵,公共事務評論,10 (2): 35-72。new window
賴世剛、韓昊英、于如陵、柯博晟 (2010)。都市聚落系統的形成規律—遞增報酬與冪次法則的計算機與數理仿真,地理學報,65 (8): 961-72。

貳、外文文獻
Alexander, C. 1965. A city is not a tree. Architectural Forum 122 (1) (2): 58–61.
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., and Silverstein, M. 1977. A pattern language: Towns, buildings, construction (with Max Jacobson, Ingrid Fiksdahl-King, Shlomo Angel). New York: Oxford University Press.
Allen, P. M. 1997. Cities and regions as self-organizing systems: Models of complexity. The Netherlands, Amsterdam: Gordan and Breach.
Allen, G. E. 2005. Mechanism, vitalism and organicism in late nineteenth and twentieth-century biology: The importance of historical context. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 36 (2): 261-83.
Alonso, W. 1964. Location and land use: Towards a general theory of land rent. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Anas, A., R. Arnott, and K. A. Small. 1998. Urban spatial structure. Journal of economic literature 36 (3): 1426-64.
Anderson, P. 1999. Perspective: Complexity theory and organization science. Organization Science 10 (3): 216-32.
Anderson, P. W. 1972. More is different. Science 177 (4047): 393-96.
Anderson, P. W. 2001. More is different—One more time. In More is different: Fifty years of condensed matter physics, eds. N. Phuan Ong and Ravin N. Bhatt, 1-8. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Ariely, D. 2009. Predictably irrational: The hidden forces that shape our decisions. New York: Harper Collins.
Arthur, W. B. 1990. Positive feedbacks in the economy. Scientific American 262 (2): 92-99.
Arthur, W. B. 1991. Designing economic agents that act like human agents: A behavioral approach to bounded rationality. American Economic Review 81 (2): 353-59.
Arthur, W. B. 1997. Increasing returns and path dependence in the economy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Arthur, W. B. 1999. Complexity and the economy. Science 284 (5411): 107-109.
Arthur, W. B. 2000. Complexity and the economy. In The complexity vision and the teaching of economics, ed. David Colander, 19-28. Northampton Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Arthur, W. B. 2006. Out-of-equilibrium economics and agent-based modeling. In Handbook of computational economics, volume 2, eds. Tesfatsion, L., and Judd, K. L., 1551-1564. North-Holland: Elsevier B.V.
Arthur, W. B. 2015. Complexity and the economy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bak, P. 1996. How nature works: The science of self-organised criticality. New York: Copernicus Press.
Ball, P. 2012. Why society is a complex matter: Meeting twenty-first century challenges with a new kind of science. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Barnes, T. J., Peck, J., Sheppard, E., and Tickell, A., eds. 2008. Reading economic geography. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Batty, M. 1976. Urban modelling: Algorithms, calibrations, predictions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Batty, M. 1995. New ways of looking at cities. Nature 377 (6550): 574.
Batty, M. 1997. Cellular automata and urban form: A primer. Journal of the American Planning Association 63 (2): 266-74.
Batty, M. 2000. Less is more, more is different: Complexity, morphology, cities, and emergence. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 27 (2): 167-68.
Batty, M. 2005a. Cities and complexity: Understanding cities with cellular automata, agent-based modeling, and fractals. London: MIT Press.
Batty, M. 2005b. Agents, cells, and cities: New representational models for simulating multiscale urban dynamics. Environment and Planning A 37 (8): 1373-94.
Batty, M. 2008a. The size, scale, and shape of cities. Science 319 (5864): 769-71.
Batty, M. 2008b. The dilemmas of physical planning. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 35 (5): 760-61.
Batty, M. 2008c. Fifty years of urban modeling: Macro-statics to micro-dynamics. In The dynamics of complex urban systems, eds. Albeverio, S., Andrey, D., Giordano, P., and Vancheri, A., 1-20. Heidelberg/ New York: Physica-Verlag.
Batty, M. 2009. Urban modeling. In International encyclopedia of human geography, eds. R. Kitchin and N. Thrift, 51-58. London: Elsevier Science.
Batty, M. 2012. Building a science of cities. Cities 29: S9-S16.
Batty, M. 2013. The new science of cities. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Batty, M., and Longley, P. 1994. Fractal cities: A geometry of form and function. London: Academic Press.
Batty, M., and Marshall, S. 2012. The origins of complexity theory in cities and planning. In Complexity theories of cities have come of age, eds. Portugali, J., Meyer, H., Stolk, E., and Tan, E., 21-45. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Batty, M., and Torrens, P. M. 2005. Modelling and prediction in a complex world. Futures 37 (7): 745-66.
Batty, M., and Xie, Y. 1999. Self-organized criticality and urban development. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 3 (2-3): 109-24.
Bertalanffy, L. V. 1968. General systems theory: Foundations, development, applications. New York: George Braziller.
Bettencourt, L. M., Lobo, J., Helbing, D., Kühnert, C., and West, G. B. 2007. Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (17): 7301-06.
Bettencourt, L., and West, G. 2010. A unified theory of urban living. Nature 467 (7318): 912-13.
Bibby, P., and Shepherd, J. 2000. GIS, land use, and representation. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 27 (4): 583-98.
Bouchaud, J. P. 2008. Economics needs a scientific revolution. Nature 455 (7217): 1181.
Bourne, L. S. ed. 1971. Internal structure of the city: Readings on space and environment. New York: Oxford University Press.
Briassoulis, H. 2008. Land-use policy and planning, theorizing, and modeling: Lost in translation, found in complexity?. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 35 (1): 16-33.
Brocas, I. and Carrillo, J. D. eds. 2003. The psychology of economic decisions. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brown, J. H., and West, G. B. eds. 2000. Scaling in biology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Buchanan, M. 2009. Economics: Meltdown modelling. Nature 460 (7256): 680-82.
Burgess, E. W. 1925. The growth of the city: An introduction to a research project. Reprinted In Urban patterns: Studies in human ecology, ed. Theodorson, G. A., 35-41, Revised Edition in 1982. University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Caruso, G., Peeters, D., Cavailhès, J., and Rounsevell, M., 2009. Space – time patterns of urban sprawl, a 1D cellular automata and microeconomic approach. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 36 (6): 968 – 88.
Christaller, W. 1933. Central places in southern Germany. English Translation by C. W. Baskin in 1966. London: Prentice Hall Press.
Clark, D. 1982. Urban geography: An introductory guide. London & Canberra: Croom Helm.
Cohen, M. D., March, J. G., and Olsen, J. P. 1972. A garbage can model of organizational choice. Administrative Science Quarterly 17 (1): 1-25.
Colander, D. ed. 2000. The complexity vision and the teaching of economics. Northampton Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Colander, D. 2005. What economists teach and what economists do. The Journal of Economic Education 36 (3): 249-60.
Cowan, G. A. 1994. Conference opening remarks. In Complexity: Metaphors, models, and reality, eds. Cowan, G. A., Pines, D., and Meltzer, D., 1-4. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Cowan, G. A., Pines, D., and Meltzer, D. eds. 1994. Complexity: Metaphors, models, and reality. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Deutsch, K. W. 1951. Mechanism, organism, and society: Some models in natural and social science. Philosophy of Science 18 (3): 230-52.
Devlin, K. 1996. Good-bye descartes?. Mathematics Magazine 69 (5): 344-49.
Dixit, A. K., and Stiglitz, J. E. 1977. Monopolistic competition and optimum product diversity. American Economic Review 67 (3): 297-308.
Durlauf, S. N. 1998. What should policymakers know about economic complexity?. Washington Quarterly 21 (1): 155-65.
Eckel, C. C. 2004. Vernon Smith: Economics as a laboratory science. The Journal of Socio-Economics 33 (1): 15-28.
Epstein, J. M. 2009. Modelling to contain pandemics. Nature 460 (7256): 687.
Faggini, M., and Lux, T. eds. 2009. Coping with the Complexity of Economics. Italy, Milano: Springer-Verlag.
Farmer, J. D., and Foley, D. 2009. The economy needs agent-based modelling. Nature 460 (7256): 685-86.
Fishman, R. 1977. Urban utopias in the twentieth century: Ebenezer Howard. Frank Lloyd Right, and Le Corbusier. New York: Basic Books.
Fischer, M. M., and Nijkamp, P., eds. 2013. Handbook of regional science. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Frambach, H. 2012. Johann Heinrich von Thünen: A founder of modern economics. In Handbook of the history of economic thought, ed. Jürgen Georg Backhaus, 299-322. New York: Spinger.
Frankenberry, N. K. 2008. The faith of scientists: In their own words. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Frey, H. 1999. Designing the city: Towards a more sustainable urban form. London and New York: Taylor & Francis Group/ Spon Press.
Fujita, M. 2010. The evolution of spatial economics: From Thünen to the new economic geography. Japanese Economic Review 61 (1): 1-32.
Fujita, M. 2012. Thünen and the new economic geography. Regional Science and Urban Economics 42 (6): 907-12.
Fujita, M., Krugman, P. R., and Venables, A. J. 1999. The spatial economy: Cities, regions and international trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fujita, M., and Thisse, J. F. 2002. Economics of agglomeration: Cities, industrial location, and regional growth. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gates, C. 2003. Ancient Cities: The archaeology of urban life in the ancient near east and Egypt, Greece, and Rome. New York: Routledge.
Geddes, P. 1915. Cities in evolution: An introduction to the town planning movement and to the sudy of civics. London: Williams and Norgate.
Gottdiener, M., and Hutchison, R. 2011. The new urban sociology. Four editions. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Hall, P. 1988. Cities of tomorrow: An intellectual history of city planning and design in the twentieth century. New York: Blackwell.
Han, H., and Lai, S. K. 2011. Decision Network: A planning tool for making multiple, linked decisions. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 38: 115-28.
Hargroves, K. J. and Smith, M. H. 2005. eds. The natural advantage of nations: Business opportunities, innovation and governance in the 21st century. London: Earthscan.
Harris, C. D., and Ullman, E. L. 1945. The nature of cities. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 242 (1): 7-17.
Harrison, F. 1894. The meaning of history and other historical pieces. London: Macmillan and Co. and New York.
Hoch, C. 2007. Making plans: Representation and intention. Planning Theory 6 (1): 16-35.
Hoekstra, A.G., Kroc, J., and Sloot, P. M. A., eds. 2010. Simulating complex systems by cellular automata. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Holland, J. H. 1995. Hidden order: How adaptation builds complexity. New York: Addison-Wesley.
Holland, J. H. 1998. Emergence: From chaos to order. New York: Oxford University Press.
Holland, J. H. 2012. Signals and boundaries: Building blocks for complex adaptive systems. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Hopkins, L. D. 2001. Urban development: The logic of making plans. Washington, D. C.: Island Press.
Hotelling, H. 1929. Stability in competition. Economic Journal 39: 41-57.
Hoyt, H. 1939. The structure and growth of residential neighborhoods in American cities, Washington. D. C.: Federal Housing Administration.
Huang, J. Y. and Lai, S. K. 2012. In search of the urban scaling exponent in urban growth and its implications-A case study in Taiwan. Paper presented at the 9th International Symposium and Scientific Committee of Asia Institute of Urban Environment, Taipei, Taiwan.
Isard, W. 1956. Location and space-economy: A general theory relating to industrial location, market areas, land use, trade, and urban structure. New York: The Technology Press of MIT and John Wiley & Sons.
Jacobs, J. 1961. The life and death of great American cities. New York: Vintage Books.
Kahneman, D. 2011. Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. 1979. Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47: 263-91.
Kauffman, S. 1995. At home in the universe: The search for the laws of self-organization and complexity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Keen, S. 2003. Standing on the toes of pygmies: Why econophysics must be careful of the economic foundations on which it builds. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 324 (1–2): 108-16.
Kirchgässner, G. 2008. Homo oeconomicus: The economic model of behaviour and its applications in economics and other social sciences. New York: Springer.
Kline, D. 2001. Positive feedback, lock-in, and environmental policy. Policy Sciences 34 (1): 95-107.
Kline, M. 1990. Mathematical thought from ancient to modern times. Three-Volume Paperback Edition. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kostof, S. 1991. The city shaped urban patterns and meaning throughout history. London: Thames & Hudson.
Krantz, D. H., and Kunreuther, H. C. 2007. Goals and plans in decision making. Judgment and Decision Making 2 (3): 137-68.
Krugman, P. R. 1991. Geography and trade. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Krugman, P. R. 1996. The self-organizing economy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.
Kühnert, C., Helbing, D., and West, G. B. 2006. Scaling laws in urban supply networks. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 363 (1): 96-103.
Lai, S. K. 2003. On transition rules of complex structures in one-dimensional cellular automata: Some implications for urban change. The Annals of Regional Science, 37 (2): 337-52.
Lai, S. K. 2006a. A spatial garbage-can model. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 33 (1): 141-56.
Lai, S. K. 2006b. Emergent macro-structures of path-dependent location adoptions processes of firms. The Annals of Regional Science 40 (3): 545-58.
Lai, S. K. and Han, H. 2014. Urban complexity and planning: Theories and computer simulations. United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishers.
Lai, S. K., Han, H., and Ko, P. C. 2013. Are cities dissipative structures?. International Journal of Urban Sciences 17 (1): 46-55.
Langton, C. G. 1984. Self-reproduction in cellular automata. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 10 (1): 135-44.
Lepage, J. D. 2002. Castles and fortifed cities of medieval Europe: An illustrated history. London: McFarland & Company.
Lösch, A. 1954. The economics of location. Translated from the second revised edition by William H. Woglom (with the assistance of Wolfgang F. Stolper). New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Lynch, K. 1981. A theory of good city form. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Macal, C. M., and North, M. J. 2010. Tutorial on agent-based modelling and simulation. Journal of Simulation 4 (3): 151-62.
Mainzer, K. 2005. Symmetry and complexity: The spirit and beauty of nonlinear science. Singapore: World Scientific.
Mainzer, K. 2007. Thinking in complexity: The computational dynamics of matter, mind, and mankind. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Manson, S., and O'Sullivan, D. 2006. Complexity theory in the study of space and place. Environment and Planning A 38 (4): 677-92.
Marcuzzo, M. C. 2003. The “first” imperfect competition revolution. In A companion to the history of economic thought, eds. Samuels, W. J., Biddle, J. E., and Davis, J. B., 294-307. Oxford: Blackwell.
Marshall, J. U. 1989. The structure of urban systems. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Mayr, E. 1982. The growth of biological thought: Diversity, evolution and inheritance. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Mayr, E. 1997. This is biology: The science of the living world. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Mazzocchi, F. 2008. Complexity in biology: Exceeding the limits of reductionism and determinism using complexity theory. EMBO reports 9 (1): 10-14.
McMichael, S. L., and Bingham, R. F. 1923. City growth and values. Cleveland, Ohio: The Stanley McMichael Publishing Organization.
Mills, E. S. 1972. Studies in the structure of the urban economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Mitchell, M. 2009. Complexity: A guided tour. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mitchell, M., Crutchfield, J. P., and Hraber, P. T. 1994. Evolving cellular automata to perform computations: Mechanisms and impediments. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 75 (1): 361-91.
McElroy, T., and Seta, J. J. 2007. Framing the frame: How task goals determine the likelihood and direction of framing effects. Judgment and Decision Making 2 (3): 251-56.
Mohamed, R. 2006. The psychology of residential developers: Lessons from behavioral economics and additional explanations for satisficing. Journal of Planning Education and Research 26 (1): 28-37.
Morris, A. E. J. 1994. History of urban form: Before the industrial revolutions. Essex: Longman scientific & technical.
Moses, L. N. 1958. Location and the theory of production. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 72 (2): 259-72.
Mumford, L. 1961. The city in history: Its origins, its transformations, and its prospects. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Muth, R. 1969. Cities and housing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Nelson, H. J. 1971. The form and structure of cities: Urban growth patterns. In Internal structure of the city: Readings on space and environment. ed. Bourne, L. S., 75-83. New York: Oxford University Press.
Newman, P., Beatley, T., and Boyer, H. 2009. Resilient cities: Responding to peak oil and climate change. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Park, R. E. 1936a. Human ecology. American Journal of Sociology 42 (1): 1-15.
Park, R. E. 1936b. Succession, an ecological concept. American Sociological Review 1 (2): 171-79.
Park, R. E. 1940. Physics and society. The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science / Revue canadienne d'Economique et de Science politique 6 (2): 135-52.
Park, R. E., Burgess, E. W., and McKenzie, R. D. 1967. The city. With an introduction by Morris Janowitz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Parker, S. 2004. Urban theory and the urban experience: Encountering the city. London: Routledge.
Pirenne, H. 1969. Medieval cities: Their origins and the revival of trade. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Portugali, J. 2000. Self-organization and the city. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Portugali, J. 2011. Complexity, cognition and the city. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Portugali, J., Meyer, H., Stolk, E., and Tan, E., eds. 2012. Complexity theories of cities have come of age: An overview with implications to urban planning and design. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Pounds, N. J. G. 2005. The medieval city. London: Greenwood Press.
Pumain, D. ed. 2006. Hierarchy in natural and social sciences. The Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer.
Robson, B. T. 1969. Urban analysis: A study of city structure with special reference to Sunderland. London: Cambridge University Press.
Samet, R. H. 2013. Complexity, the science of cities and long-range futures. Futures 47: 49-58.
Samuelson, P. A. 1983. Thünen at two hundred. Journal of Economic Literature 21 (4): 1468-88.
Schwab, W. A. 1992. The sociology of cities. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Shapin, S. 1996. The scientific revolution. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Simon, H. A. 1986. Rationality in psychology and economics. Journal of Business 59 (4): S209-S224.
Simon, H. A. 1998. The sciences of the artificial. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Simon, H. A. 1999. Can there be a science of complex systems?. In Unifying Themes in Complex Systems: Proceedings from the International Conference on Complex Systems 1997, ed. Bar-Yam, Y., 4-14. Cambridge MA: Perseus Press.
Smith, V. L. 2005. Behavioral economics research and the foundations of economics. The Journal of Socio-Economics 34 (2): 135-50.
Smith, V. L. 2008. Rationality in economics: Constructivist and ecological Forms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Theodorson, G. A. ed. 1982. Urban patterns: Studies in human ecology. Revised edition. University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. 1981. The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science 211 (30): 453-58.
Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. 1992. Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5 (4): 297–323.
Van de Mieroop, M. 1997. The ancient mesopotamian city. New York: Oxford University Press.
Von Neumann, J., and Morgenstern, O. 1953. Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Von Thünen, J. H. 1826. Der Isolierte Staat in Beziehung Auf Landwirtschaft Und Nationalökonomie, Hamburg: Perthes. Translated from German by C. M. Wartenberg in 1966, Von Thünen’s Isolated State, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Waldrop, M. M. 1992. Complexity: The emerging science and the edge of order and chaos. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Walker, D. A. 2003. Early general equilibrium economics: Walras, Pareto, and Cassel. In A companion to the history of economic thought, eds. Samuels, W. J., Biddle, J. E., and Davis, J. B., 278-93. Oxford: Blackwell.
Wang, L. G., Han, H., and Lai, S. K. 2014. Do plans contain urban sprawl? A comparison of Beijing and Taipei. Habitat International 42: 121-30.
Weaver, W. 1948. Science and Complexity. American Scientist 36 (4): 536-44.
Webb, R. 2007. Social science: The urban organism. Nature 446 (7138): 869.
Weber, A. 1929. Alfred Weber's theory of the location of industries. English edition, with Introduction and Notes by Friedrich, C. J.. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
Welter, V. M. 2002. Biopolis: Patrick Geddes and the city of life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
West, G. B., and Brown, J. H. 2005. The origin of allometric scaling laws in biology from genomes to ecosystems: towards a quantitative unifying theory of biological structure and organization. Journal of Experimental Biology 208 (9): 1575-92.
West, G. B., Brown, J. H., and Enquist, B. J. 1997. A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276 (5309): 122-26.
West, G. B., Brown, J. H., and Enquist, B. J. 1999. The fourth dimension of life: fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms. Science 284 (5420): 1677-79.
Wilson, A. 2012. The science of cities and regions. Dordrecht/ Heidelberg/ London/ New York: Springer.
Wolfram, S. 2002. A new kind of science. Champaign, Illinois: Wolfram Media.
Yoffee, N. 2005. Myths of the archaic state: Evolution of the earliest cities, states, and civilizations. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Yoffee, N., and Cowgill, G. L., eds. 1988. The collapse of ancient states and civilizations. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

第三章

壹、中文文獻
黃仲由、賴世剛 (2015)。都市異速增長規律之動態過程及啟示-臺灣都市區域供給網絡的經驗研究,地理學報,論文被接受日期:2016年8月22日。new window
曾波、張德海、孟偉 (2013)。基於累加生成的灰色關聯分析模型拓展研究,世界科技研究與展望,35 (1): 146-49。
鄧聚龍 (2002)。灰理論基礎,武漢:華中科技大學出版社。
劉思峰、謝乃明 (2013)。灰色系統理論及其應用 (第六版),北京:科學出版社。
劉思峰、楊英傑、吳利豐 (2014)。灰色系統理論及其應用 (第七版),北京:科學出版社。
劉思峰、蔡華、楊英傑、曹穎 (2013)。灰色關聯分析模型研究進展,系統工程理論與實踐,33 (8): 2041-46。
劉思峰、黨耀國、方志耕、謝乃明 (2010)。灰色系統理論及其應用 (第五版),北京:科學出版社。

貳、外文文獻
Anderson, P. W. 2001. More is different–One more time. In More is different: Fifty years of condensed matter physics, eds. N. P. Ong, and R. N. Bhatt, 1-8. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Arcaute, E., E. Hatna, P. Ferguson, H. Youn, A. Johansson, and M. Batty. 2015. Constructing cities, deconstructing scaling laws. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 12 (102): 20140745.
Barenblatt, G. I. 2003. Scaling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Batty, M. 2000. Less is more, more is different: Complexity, morphology, cities, and emergence. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 27 (2): 167-8.
Batty, M. 2008. The size, scale, and shape of cities. Science 319 (5864): 769-71.
Batty, M. 2012. Building a science of cities. Cities 29: S9-16.
Batty, M. 2013a. The new science of cities. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Batty, M. 2013b. A theory of city size. Science 340 (6139): 1418-9.
Batty, M., and P. M. Torrens. 2005. Modelling and prediction in a complex world. Futures 37 (7): 745-66.
Bell, S., and S. Morse. 2003. Measuring sustainability: Learning from doing. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
Bergstrom, C. T., and L. A. Dugatkin. 2012. Evolution. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Bettencourt, L. M. 2013. The origins of scaling in cities. Science 340 (6139): 1438-41.
Bettencourt, L., and G. West. 2010. A unified theory of urban living. Nature 467 (7318): 912-3.
Bettencourt, L. M., J. Lobo, and D. Strumsky. 2007. Invention in the city: Increasing returns to patenting as a scaling function of metropolitan size. Research Policy 36 (1): 107-20.
Bettencourt, L. M. A., J. Lobo, and G. B. West. 2008. Why are large cities faster? Universal scaling and self-similarity in urban organization and dynamics. The European Physical Journal B 63 (3): 285-93.
Bettencourt, L. M., J. Lobo, and G. B. West. 2009. The self similarity of human social organization and dynamics in cities. In Complexity perspectives in innovation and social change, eds. D. Lane, D. Pumain, S. van der Leeuw, and G. B. West, 221-236. Netherlands: Springer.
Bettencourt, L. M., J. Lobo, D. Strumsky, and G. B. West. 2010. Urban scaling and its deviations: Revealing the structure of wealth, innovation and crime across cities. PLOS ONE 5 (11): e13541.
Bettencourt, L. M., J. Lobo, D. Helbing, C. Kühnert, and G. B. West. 2007. Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (17): 7301-6.
Bonner, J. T. 2006. Why size matters: From bacteria to blue whales. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Brown, J. H., and G. B. West. eds. 2000. Scaling in biology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Buonanno, R. 2014. The stars of Galileo Galilei and the universal knowledge of Athanasius Kircher. Translation by Roberto Buonanno and Giuliana Giobbi. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Chave, J., and S. Levin. 2003. Scale and scaling in ecological and economic systems. Environmental and Resource Economics 26 (4): 527-57.
Christiansen, P. 1999. Long bone scaling and limb posture in non-avian theropods: Evidence for differential allometry. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (4): 666-80.
Clark, W. C., and N. M. Dickson. 2003. Sustainability science: The emerging research program. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (14): 8059-61.
Cristelli, M., M. Batty, and L. Pietronero. 2012. There is more than a power law in Zipf. Scientific Reports 2: 812.
Deng, J. 2010. Introduction to grey mathematical resource science. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science & Technology Press.
Fisher, L. 2011. Crashes, crises, and calamities: How we can use science to read the early-warning signs. New York: Basic Books.
Fragkias, M., J. Lobo, D. Strumsky, and K. C. Seto. 2013. Does size matter? Scaling of CO2 emissions and US urban areas. PLOS ONE 8 (6): e64727.
Frey, H. 1999. Designing the city: Towards a more sustainable urban form. London and New York: Taylor & Francis Group/ Spon Press.
Helbing, D., J. Jost, and H. Kantz. 2008. Nonlinear physics everywhere: From molecules to cities. The European Physical Journal B 63(3): 283.
Holland, J. H. 1998. Emergence: From chaos to order. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gell-Mann, M. 2010. Transformations of the twenty-first century: Transitions to greater sustainability. In Global Sustainability: A Nobel Cause, eds. H. J. Schellnhuber, M. Molina, N. Stern, V. Huber, and S. Kadner, 1-7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Helbing, D., C. Kühnert, S. Lämmer, A. Johansson, B. Gehlsen, H. Ammoser, and G. B. West. 2009. Power laws in urban supply networks, social systems, and dense pedestrian crowds. In Complexity perspectives in innovation and social change, eds. D. Lane, D. Pumain, S. van der Leeuw, and G. B. West, 433-50. Netherlands: Springer.
Hoppeler, H., and E. R. Weibel. 2005. Scaling functions to body size: Theories and facts. Journal of Experimental Biology 208 (9): 1573-4.
Jacobs, J. 1961. The life and death of great American cities. New York: Vintage Books.
Khare, A., and A. Lachowska. 2015. Beautiful, simple, exact, crazy: Mathematics in the real world. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Kluger, J. 2008. Simplexity: Why simple things become complex (and how complex things can be made simple). New York: Hyperion.
Kühnert, C., D. Helbing, and G. B. West. 2006. Scaling laws in urban supply networks. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 363 (1): 96-103.
Lai, S. K. and H. Han. 2014. Urban complexity and planning: Theories and computer simulations. United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishers.
Liu, S. F., Z. G. Fang, and Y. Lin. 2006. A new definition for the degree of grey incidence. Scientific Inquiry 7 (2): 111-24.
Liu, S., and Y. Lin. 2006. Grey information: Theory and practical applications. London: Springer-Verlag.
Lobo, J., L. M. Bettencourt, D. Strumsky, and G. B. West. 2013. Urban scaling and the production function for cities. PLOS ONE 8 (3): e58407.
Otto, S. B., B. C. Rall, and U. Brose. 2007. Allometric degree distributions facilitate food-web stability. Nature 450 (7173): 1226-9.
Partanen, J. 2015. Indicators for self-organization potential in urban context. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 42 (5): 951-71.
Portugali, J. 2011. Complexity, cognition and the city. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Portugali, J., H. Meyer, E. Stolk, and E. Tan, eds. 2012. Complexity theories of cities have come of age: An overview with implications to urban planning and design. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Prange, H. D., J. F. Anderson, and H. Rahn. 1979. Scaling of skeletal mass to body mass in birds and mammals. The American Naturalist 113 (1): 103-22.
Pumain, D. ed. 2006. Hierarchy in natural and social sciences. The Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer.
Samet, R. H. 2012. Complexity science and theory development for the futures field. Futures 44 (5): 504-13.
Samet, R. H. 2013. Complexity, the science of cities and long-range futures. Futures 47: 49-58.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1984. Scaling: Why is animal size so important? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stumpf, M. P. H., and M. A. Porter. 2012. Critical truths about power laws. Science 335 (6069): 665-6.
West, B. J., and P. Grigolini. 2011. Complex webs: Anticipating the improbable. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
West, G. B. 2006. Size, scale and the boat race; Conceptions, connections and misconceptions. In Hierarchy in natural and social sciences, ed. D. Pumain, 71-80. The Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer.
West, G. B. 2010. Integrated sustainability and the underlying threat of urbanization. In Global Sustainability: A Nobel Cause, eds. H. J. Schellnhuber, M. Molina, N. Stern, V. Huber, and S. Kadner, 9-18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
West, G. B., and J. H. Brown. 2005. The origin of allometric scaling laws in biology from genomes to ecosystems: Towards a quantitative unifying theory of biological structure and organization. Journal of Experimental Biology 208 (9): 1575-92.
Whitfield, J. 2006. In the beat of a heart: Life, energy, and the unity of nature. Washington D. C.: Joseph Henry Press.

第四章

壹、中文文獻
肖新平、毛樹華 (2013),「灰預測與決策方法」,北京:科學出版社。
肖新平、宋中民、李峰 (2005),「灰技術基礎及其應用」,北京:科學出版社。
黃仲由 (2016),都市異速增長規律之機制探勘與政策啟示-臺灣都市的社會經濟互動為例,都市與計劃,論文第一次修正日期:2016年07月14日,論文第二次修正日期:2016年10月06日。
曾波、張德海、孟偉 (2013),基於累加生成的灰色關聯分析模型拓展研究,「世界科技研究與展望」,第35卷,第1期,第146-49頁。
劉思峰、謝乃明 (2013),「灰色系統理論及其應用 (第六版)」,北京:科學出版社。
劉思峰、楊英傑、吳利豐 (2014)。「灰色系統理論及其應用 (第七版)」,北京:科學出版社。
劉思峰、蔡華、楊英傑、曹穎 (2013),灰色關聯分析模型研究進展,「系統工程理論與實踐」,第33卷,第8期,第2041-2046頁。

貳、外文文獻
Alexander, C. (1965). A city is not a tree. Architectural Forum 122 (1) (2): 58-61.
Ahlborn, B. K. (2004). Zoological physics: Quantitative models of body design, actions, and physical limitations of animals. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Anas, A., R. Arnott, and K. A. Small. (1998). Urban spatial structure. Journal of Economic Literature 36 (3): 1426-64.
Banavar, J. R., Maritan, A., & Rinaldo, A. (1999). Size and form in efficient transportation networks. [10.1038/20144]. Nature, 399(6732), 130-132.
Batty, M. (2012). Building a science of cities. Cities 29: S9-S16.
Batty, M. (2013). A theory of city size. Science 340 (6139): 1418-19.
Batty, M. (2016). Classifying urban models. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 43(2), 251-256.
Bettencourt, L. M. (2013). The origins of scaling in cities. Science 340 (6139): 1438-41.
Bettencourt, L., and West, G. (2010). A unified theory of urban living. Nature 467 (7318): 912-13.
Bettencourt, L. M., Lobo, J., Helbing, D., Kühnert, C., and West, G. B. (2007). Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (17): 7301-06.
Bettencourt, L. M. A., Lobo, J., and West, G. B. (2008). Why are large cities faster? Universal scaling and self-similarity in urban organization and dynamics. The European Physical Journal B 63 (3): 285-93.
Bettencourt, L. M., Lobo, J., and West, G. B. (2009). The self similarity of human social organization and dynamics in cities. In Complexity perspectives in innovation and social change, eds. D. Lane, D. Pumain, S. van der Leeuw and G. B. West, 221-236. Netherlands: Springer.
Bettencourt, L. M., Lobo, J., Strumsky, D., and West, G. B. (2010). Urban scaling and its deviations: Revealing the structure of wealth, innovation and crime across cities. PloS one, 5(11), e13541.
Bouchaud, J. P. (2008). Economics needs a scientific revolution. Nature 455 (7217): 1181.
Bonner, J. T. (2006). Why size matters: From bacteria to blue whales. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Brown, J. H., and West, G. B., eds. (2000). Scaling in biology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J. F., Allen, A. P., Savage, V. M., and West, G. B. (2004). Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology, 85(7), 1771-1789.
Brown, J. H., Gupta, V. K., Li, B.-L., Milne, B. T., Restrepo, C., and West, G. B. (2002). The fractal nature of nature: power laws, ecological complexity and biodiversity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 357(1421), 619-626.
Chatterjee, S., and Hadi, A. S. (2015). Regression analysis by example. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Cowan, G. A., D. Pines, and D. Meltzer. eds. (1994). Complexity: Metaphors, models, and reality. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Deng, J. (2010). Introduction to grey mathematical resource science. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science & Technology Press.
Frank, S. A. (2009). The common patterns of nature. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 22(8), 1563-1585.
Fujita, M. and Thisse, J.-F. (2002) Economics of Agglomeration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Han, H. Y., and S. K. Lai. (2011). Decision Network: A planning tool for making multiple, linked decisions. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 38: 115-28.
Harrison, J. F. (2015). Evolvability and nonevolvability of allometric slopes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(44), 13426-13427.
Hobbie, R. K., and Roth, B. J. (2015). Intermediate physics for medicine and biology (5th edition). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Hochberg, Z. (2011). Evo-devo of child growth: Treatise on child growth and human evolution. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Holland, J. H. (2012). Signals and boundaries: Building blocks for complex adaptive systems. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Hysler-Rubin, N. (2011). Patrick Geddes and town planning: a critical view: London and New York: Routledge.
Irwin, E., Jayaprakash, C., and Munroe, D. (2009). Towards a comprehensive framework for modeling urban spatial dynamics. Landscape ecology, 24(9), 1223-1236.
Jungers, W. L. (2009). Interlimb proportions in humans and fossil hominins: Variability and scaling. In The first humans–origin and early evolution of the genus homo, eds. Frederick E. Grine, John G. Fleagle and Richard E. Leakey, 93-98. Dordrecht: Springer.
Khare, A., and Lachowska, A. (2015). Beautiful, simple, exact, crazy: Mathematics in the real world. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Korb, J. (2014). Robots Acting Locally and Building Globally. Science, 343(6172), 742-743.
Lai, S. K. and Han, H. (2014). Urban complexity and planning: Theories and computer simulations. United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishers.
Liu, S., and Lin, Y. (2006). Grey information: Theory and practical applications. London: Springer-Verlag.
Longo, G., and Montévil, M. (2014). Perspectives on organisms: Biological time, symmetries and singularities. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Lucas, R. E. (2001). Externalities and Cities. Review of Economic Dynamics, 4(2), 245-274.
Lynch, K. (1981). A theory of good city form. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
MacKay, N. J. (2011). Mass scale and curvature in metabolic scaling: Comment on: T. Kolokotrones et al., Curvature in metabolic scaling, Nature 464 (2010) 753–756. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 280(1), 194-196.
Mainzer, K. (2005). Symmetry and complexity: The spirit and beauty of nonlinear science. Singapore: World Scientific.
Marshall, S. (2012). Science, pseudo-science and urban design. Urban Des Int, 17(4), 257-271.
Mitchell, M. (2009). Complexity: A guided tour. New York: Oxford University Press.
Parker, S. (2004). Urban theory and the urban experience: Encountering the city. London: Routledge.
Portugali, J. (2000). Self-organization and the city. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Portugali, J. (2006). Complexity theory as a link between space and place. Environment and Planning A, 38(4), 647-664.
Portugali, J. (2011). Complexity, cognition and the city. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Pumain, D. ed. (2006). Hierarchy in natural and social sciences. The Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer.
Huriot, J.-M., and Thisse, J.-F. eds. (2000). Economics of cities: Theoretical perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roth, G. (2013). The long evolution of brains and minds. Dordrecht; Heidelberg; New York; London: Springer.
Roth, G., and Dicke, U. (2005). Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Trends in cognitive sciences, 9(5), 250-257.
Salzano, M., and Colander, D. C. eds. (2007). Complexity hints for economic policy. Italia: Springer-Verlag.
Samet, R. H. (2012). Complexity science and theory development for the futures field. Futures 44 (5): 504-13.
Samet, R. H. (2013). Complexity, the science of cities and long-range futures. Futures 47: 49-58.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1984). Scaling: Why is animal size so important? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Simon, H. A. (1998). The sciences of the artificial. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Vespignani, A. (2009). Predicting the behavior of techno-social systems. Science, 325(5939), 425.
Welter, V. M. (2002). Biopolis: Patrick Geddes and the city of life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Werfel, J., Petersen, K., and Nagpal, R. (2014). Designing Collective Behavior in a Termite-Inspired Robot Construction Team. Science, 343(6172), 754-758.
West, G. B. (1999). The origin of universal scaling laws in biology. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 263(1–4), 104-113.
West, G. B. (2010). Integrated sustainability and the underlying threat of urbanization. In Global Sustainability: A Nobel Cause, eds. H. J. Schellnhuber, M. Molina, N. Stern, V. Huber and S. Kadner, 9-18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
West, G. B., and Brown, J. H. (2005). The origin of allometric scaling laws in biology from genomes to ecosystems: Towards a quantitative unifying theory of biological structure and organization. Journal of Experimental Biology 208 (9): 1575-92.
West, G. B., Brown, J. H., & Enquist, B. J. (1999). The fourth dimension of life: fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms. Science, 284(5420), 1677-1679.
West, G. B., Woodruff, W. H., & Brown, J. H. (2002). Allometric scaling of metabolic rate from molecules and mitochondria to cells and mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(suppl 1), 2473-2478.
Whitfield, J. (2006). In the beat of a heart: Life, energy, and the unity of nature. Washington D. C.: Joseph Henry Press.
Wolf-Branigin, M. (2013). Using complexity theory for research and program evaluation. New York: Oxford University Press.

 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
QR Code
QRCODE