中國傳統學術和教育體制，在近代西學影響下出現重大改變。學術內容重新類歸，傳統四部之學已爲分科學門所取代；強調會講制度的書院也被西式大學淘汰。然在中國教育文化中發揮過舉足輕重作用的書院，已成爲一種獨特的文化象徵，有志於復興儒學和弘揚傳統文化的學者，仍熱衷於興辦書院。1920年，唐文治辭官返鄉創辦「無錫國學專修館」，同期章太炎、歐陽竟無、康有爲也分別成立了「章氏國學講習會」、「支那內學院」和「天游學院」，這波書院再興運動皆可視爲是中國書院在近、現代的延續，於近代學術發展史上深具意義。 同時，過去學界討論近代學術史變革，較多心力放在「新文化運動」、「整理國故運動」、「思想論戰」、「教育制度改革」等全國性的運動上，或將關注焦點擺在重要的新派人物，如胡適、陳獨秀、傅斯年、顧頡剛等人。而比較忽略一大批未參與近代學術變革，成爲非主流論述的所謂保守派或傳統派文人的活動。本文則嘗試從傳統學人的學術活動爲研究觀察重點，透過20年代書院復興運動的過程，做爲研究的途徑，從四大書院的興衰過程，以及舊派文人的思想理路、著作和學人師徒問的互動關係入手，放在學術史的角度來觀察，希望能理解其在教育、學術史上的真實意義，藉此掌握中國近代學術轉折性發展的關鍵處。因此本文將分別從書院成立的時代背景與學術思想史發展的內涵兩個層面來探討，以此呈顯民國書院復興運動的內在特殊意涵和學術傳承。

This essay examines educational development in the twentieth century through the complex of revival of cultural nativism. It is intended to analyze the revival of academies movement in 1920, and seek to understand how the autonomy of contemporary academies is taking shape within the particular conditions. During the late Qing and early Republican periods, Chinese educators encountered varied foreign knowledge patterns and influences and became more and more proactive in utilizing them to pioneer their own national path toward educational development. When western ideas about school systems were first introduced, Chinese traditional patterns of academy were challenged. The reclassification of knowledge and learning impact the old culture system, the new institutions structure and curricular content of western universities were also transplanted and change the higher education system in modern China. Although the structures of traditional academies were undermined and finally collapsed, the influence of the Confucian intellectual tradition has continued, shaping higher education development toward the integration of academic learning and national development. This is especially reflected in the establishment of private institutions of higher learning such as the academies (shuyuan). In 1920, there were four new academies emerged as teaching and research traditional culture institutions, which are zang shi guo xue jiang xi hui (章氏國學講習會), wu xi gua xue zhuan xiu guan (無錫國學專修館), zhi na nei xue yuan (支那內學院), tian you shuyuan (天游學院). By focusing on the study of Neo-Confucianism and practical knowledge, these academies provided and alternative learning experience from that of official schools. The informal character of these institutions placed themselves at the opposite pole and invited much criticism. Yet, it is important for these Chinese scholars that exploring new meanings of traditional Confucianism in modern China. It brings value of existence to both Confucianism and themselves.