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題名：論資排輩還是工作表現？年資因素對於我國公務人員績效考評影響之研究
書刊名：文官制度
作者：陳敦源／蘇孔志／簡鈺珒／陳序廷
作者(外文)：Chen, Don-yun／Su, Kung-chih／Chien, Yu-chin／Chen, Shiu-ting
出版日期：2011
卷期：3:1
頁次：頁53-91
主題關鍵詞：考績制度；年資倫理；循證途徑；非正式規則；Performance appraisal system；PAS；Norm of seniority；Evidence-based public administration；Informal rules
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(7) 博士論文(2) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:6
  • 共同引用共同引用:102
  • 點閱點閱:93
考績制度的運作困境和改革方向，近年來引起實務界和學術界
熱烈的討論與爭辯。其中最為人所訾議的，就是考績制度的運作根
本與績效管理精神相違，反而「論資排輩」才是公務人員績效考評
的決定因素。然而卻沒有相關研究同時處理考績制度運作的實證面
與規範面問題。有鑑於此，本文將要回答以下幾個核心的問題，包
括年資因素（norm of seniority）是否為影響考評的重要因素？年資
因素是否應該作為考評指標？以及年資因素為何會演變為考評的替
代標準（proxy standard）。
在實證面上，本研究主要運用訪談法和統計分析法，探討過去
八十四年至九十七年間中央政府公務人員的考績等次與年資相關因
素（包括新進與否、服務年資、官等及職等）的關連性，研究證實年資確為影響考績的重要變數。接著，本研究從政府績效環境的本
質、考核者有限理性的決策能力以及受考核者存有代際正義觀點等
三面向，探討長官和部屬之間在考績互動上，存在不完全契約
（incomplete contract）的問題，使得兩者皆依賴年資這類非正式規
則（informal rules）作為公正考評的替代標準，於是造成公部門考
績制度運作的困境。
至於如何建構更加公平客觀的考績制度？本研究認為，唯有透
過扭轉當前考績制度所形塑的誘因結構，也就是在未來制度設計上
強化考績資訊的「分辨」機制、建立「誘因相容」（incentive compatibility）
且能自我執行（self-enforcing）的機制，以及建構使考核
者將代理成本內部化的制度環境，才能回應實務界亟待提升的政府
效能。
How to reform the Performance Appraisal System (PAS) in Taiwan’s
civil service has been hotly debated in recent years. One of the reasons is
that the current PAS is not based on objective indicators but rather on informal
norms, such as the norm of seniority. In this paper, the authors will use
evidence-based approach to answer the following two questions: Is seniority
a critical factor for the PAS that has diminished other factors? What role
should the norm of seniority play in the PAS?
In this paper, the authors will use two principle research methods. One
is to analyze a dataset from the Examination Yuan to answer the first question
of the influence of seniority on the practice of the PAS in Taiwan. Also,
face-to-face interviews were utilized to answer the second question of what
kind of a role of the norm of seniority should play in the PAS.
Lastly, this paper will inform those who are concerned with the reform of Taiwan’s PAS in three ways. First this paper presents an evidence-based
argument on how the seniority norm is influencing the PAS. Second, the information
provided by this paper will have various practical implications for
the future reform of the PAS. Lastly, the result of this research can be as a
base for further research on the function of informal rules in the PAS in particular,
and on the effectiveness of the PAS in general.
期刊論文
1.施能傑(1991)。「富者愈富、貧者愈貧」的考績法修正方向。人事月刊，13(3)，99-103。  延伸查詢new window
2.施能傑(19920300)。考績謬誤的類型與原因--理論闡述與經驗分析。人事月刊，14(3)=79，4-12。  延伸查詢new window
3.Rusbult, C. E.、Insko, C. A.、Lin, Y. W.(1995)。Seniority-Based Reward Allocation in the United States and Taiwan。Social Psychology Quarterly，58(1)，13-30。  new window
4.Tyler, T. R.、Lind, E. A.(1992)。A Relational Model of Authority in Groups。Advances in Experimental Social Psychology，25，115-191。  new window
5.吳泰成(19960100)。公務人員考績制度改進芻議。考銓季刊，5，9-17。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.Greenberg, J.(1986)。Determinants of Perceived Fairness of Performance Evaluations。Journal of Applied Psychology，71(2)，340-342。  new window
7.Nevis, E. C.、DiBella, A. J.、Gould, J. M.(1995)。Understanding organizations as learning systems。Sloan Management Review，36(2)，73-85。  new window
8.Farrell, Dan(1983)。Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect as Responses to Job Dissatisfaction: A Multidimensional Scaling Study。Academy of Management Journal，26(4)，596-607。  new window
9.陳敦源(20021200)。績效制度設計的資訊問題：訊號、機制設計與代理成本。行政暨政策學報，35，45-69。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.Meyer, John W.、Rowan, Brian(1977)。Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony。American Journal of Sociology，83(2)，340-363。  new window
11.陳敦源、呂佳螢(20090600)。循證公共行政下的文官調查：臺灣經驗的觀點、方法、與實務意義。公共行政學報，31，187-225。new window  延伸查詢new window
12.施能傑(2009)。公務人力年齡結構分析及對人力資源管理之意涵。文官制度季刊，1(3)，1-46。  延伸查詢new window
13.Daley, D. M.(2008)。The Burden of Dealing with Poor Performers: Wear and Tear on Supervisory Organizational Engagement。Review of Public Personnel Administration，28(1)，44-59。  new window
14.Dipboye, R. L.、de Pontbriand, R.(1981)。Correlates of Employee Reactions to Performance Appraisals and Appraisal System。Journal of Applied Psychology，66(2)，248-251。  new window
15.Fischer, R.(2008)。Rewarding Seniority: Exploring Cultural and Organizational Predictors of Seniority Allocation。The Journal of Social Psychology，148(2)，167-186。  new window
16.Green, F.、Potepan, M. J.(1988)。Vacation Time and Unionism in the US and Europe。Industrial Relations，27(2)，180-194。  new window
17.Nathan, R. G.、Lubin, B.、Matarazzo, J. D.(1981)。Salaries and Satisfaction of Medical School Psychologists。Professional Psychology，12，420-425。  new window
18.Near, J. P.、Greenberger, D. B.(1991)。Predictors and Outcomes of Reaction to Pay-for-Performance Plans。Journal of Applied Psychology，76(4)，508-521。  new window
19.Nigro, L. D.(1982)。CSRA Performance Appraisals and Merit Pay: Growing Uncertainty in the Federal Work Force。Public Administration Review，July/August，371-375。  new window
20.Robert, G. E.(1995)。Municipal Government Performance Appraisal System Practices: Is the Whole less than the Sum of Its Parts。Public Personnel Management，24(2)，197-222。  new window
21.Harris, M. M.、Smith, D. E.、Champagne, D.(1995)。A Field Study of Performance Appraisal Purpose: Research-Versus Administrative-Based Ratings。Personnel Psychology，48(1)，151-160。  new window
22.Insko, C. A.、Thibaut, J. W.、Moehle, D.、Wilson, M.、Diamond, W. D.、Gilmore, R.(1980)。Social Evolution and the Emergence of Leadership。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，39(3)，431-448。  new window
23.Martin, J.、Harder, J. W.(1994)。Breads and Roses: Justice and the Distribution of Financial and Socio-emotional Rewards in Organizations。Social Justice Research，7(3)，241-264。  new window
24.Rothe, H.(1949)。The Relation of Merit Ratings to Length of Service。Personnel Psychology，2(2)，237-242。  new window
25.Shibata, H.(2000)。The Transformation of the Wage and Performance Appraisal System in a Japanese Firm。The International Journal Human Resource Management，11(2)，294-313。  new window
26.Saal, F. E.、Downey, R. G.、Lahey, M. A.(1980)。Rating the Ratings: Assessing the Psychometric Quality。Psychological Bulletin，88(2)，248-251。  new window
27.Montepare, J. M.、Zebrowitz, L. A.(1998)。Person Perceptions Comes of Age: The Salience and Significance of Age in Social Judgments。Advances in Experimental Social Psychology，30，93-161。  new window
圖書
1.許南雄(2009)。各國人事制度--兼論比較人事制度。台北縣：商鼎文化出版社。  延伸查詢new window
2.Gillespie, R.(1993)。Manufacturing Knowledge: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments。Cambridge, MA：Cambridge University Press。  new window
3.Becker, Brain E.、Huselid, Mark A.、Ulrich, Dave(2001)。The HR Scorecard: Linking People, Strategy, and Performance。Harvard Business School Press。  new window
4.Simon, Herbert A.(1983)。Reason in Human Affairs。Basil Blackwell。  new window
5.林水波(1989)。考績制度--理論研析與經驗驗證。台北：五南圖書出版公司。  延伸查詢new window
6.Osborne, David、Gaebler, Ted(1992)。Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector。Addison-Wesley Publishing Company。  new window
7.Milgrom, Paul R.、Roberts, John(1992)。Economics, Organization and Management。Prentice-Hall International, Inc.。  new window
8.陳敦源(20090000)。民主治理：公共行政與民主政治的制度性調和。臺北市：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
9.Hirschman, Albert O.(1970)。Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States。Harvard University Press。  new window
10.Katz, Daniel、Kahn, Robert L.(1978)。The Social Psychology of Organizations。Wiley：Oxford University Press。  new window
11.Schein, Edgar H.(1992)。Organizational Culture and Leadership。Jossey-Bass。  new window
12.Neo, B. S.、Chen, G.(2007)。Dynamic Governance: Embedding Culture, Capabilities and Change in Singapore。Singapore：World Scientific。  new window
13.Berman, E.、Bowman, J.、West, J.、Wart, M. Van(2009)。Human Resource Management in Public Service: Paradoxes, Problems and Processes。Thousand Oaks, CA。  new window
14.Klingner, D. E.、Nalbandian, J.、Llorens, J.(2010)。Manufacturing Knowledge: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments。Cambridge, MA。  new window
15.Lupia, A.(2001)。Institutions as Informational Crutches? Using Rational Choice Theory to Improve Civic Competence。Politics from Anarchy to Democracy。  new window
其他
1.考試院(2009)。文官制度興革規劃方案，http://csinfo.exam.gov.tw/public/Attachment/042218451093.pdf， 20110114。  延伸查詢new window
2.考試院(2010)。公務人員考績法修正草案說帖，http://csinfo.exam.gov.tw/public/Attachment/04221434881.pdf， 20110114。  延伸查詢new window
3.International Institute for Management Development(2010)。World Competitiveness Yearbook 2009，http://www.worldcompetitiveness.com/， 20100422。  new window
4.World Economic Forum(2010)。The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010，http://www.weforum.org/documents/GCR09/index.html， 20100422。  new window
 
 
 
 
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