本文以卡爾˙雅斯培（Karl Jasper,1883－1969）的「軸心時代」（Axial age）學說為基礎，他認為在這一段自西元前800年到200年的600年期間，人類的人文思想突飛猛進，是一個文明覺醒的年代。本文將針對希臘和中國兩個古文明的哲學派頭─亞里斯多德（Aristotle, 384－322 B.C.）與《周易》經、傳及後儒所詮釋的本體論進行比較。本體論是形而上學的一個重要部分，主要在探討關於「存在」的各種問題，或可視其為是對於究竟真實的探討。本文將從亞里斯多德與易學哲學對於究竟真實存在的探討、關於實體的認知，以及亞里斯多的在本體論的創見─潛能、實現和四因說，與易學哲學裡，從《易傳》到朱熹、王夫之的道器之分與理氣之辨，討論這兩個在東西方文明中裡，具有代表性的本體論之異同處。

This article is based on the theory of Karl Jasper's (1883-1969) Axial age. In this time between 800-200 B.C., the civilization of humans' spirit was progressing radically. This article deals with the two philosophical origins of Greek and China that representative Aristotle (384-322B.C.) and the Philosophy of I-Chinng's ontology. Comparing the two civilization's ideas about the being, ontology is an important part of the Metaphisical categories, Mainly exploring the topics about the being. This article will comparing about Aristotle 's and The Philosophy of I-Ching's idea about being, substance. The theory of Aristotle's potentiality and actuality and four causes. And comparing them with the Philosophy of I-Ching's theory about Dau (道), Chi(器), and Li(理), Chi(氣).